Python装饰器与面向切面编程
python 中类方法、类实例方法和静态方法的使用与区别:
使用方法:
- class A(object):
- def foo(self,x):
- #类实例方法
- print "executing foo(%s,%s)"%(self,x)
- @classmethod
- def class_foo(cls,x):
- #类方法
- print "executing class_foo(%s,%s)"%(cls,x)
- @staticmethod
- def static_foo(x):
- #静态方法
- print "executing static_foo(%s)"%x
调用方法:
- a = A()
- a.foo(1)
- a.class_foo(1)
- A.class_foo(1)
- a.static_foo(1)
- A.static_foo(1)
运行方法:
- executing foo(<__main__.A object at 0xb77d67ec>,1)
- executing class_foo(<class '__main__.A'>,1)
- executing class_foo(<class '__main__.A'>,1)
- executing static_foo(1)
- executing static_foo(1)
区别:
- 类方法和静态方法都可以被类和类实例调用,类实例方法仅可以被类实例调用
- 类方法的隐含调用参数是类,而类实例方法的隐含调用参数是类的实例,静态方法没有隐含调用参数
python @property
@property 可以将python定义的函数“当做”属性访问,从而提供更加友好访问方式,但是有时候setter/getter也是需要的,我们视具体情况吧
请注意以下代码场景: (Python2.6代码)
- class Parrot(object):
- def __init__(self):
- self._voltage = 100000
-
- @property
- def voltage(self):
- """Get the current voltage."""
- return self._voltage
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- # instance
- p = Parrot()
- # similarly invoke "getter" via @property
- print p.voltage
- # update, similarly invoke "setter"
- p.voltage = 12
代码片段2:
- class Parrot:
- def __init__(self):
- self._voltage = 100000
-
- @property
- def voltage(self):
- """Get the current voltage."""
- return self._voltage
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- # instance
- p = Parrot()
- # similarly invoke "getter" via @property
- print p.voltage
- # update, similarly invoke "setter"
- p.voltage = 12
代码1、2的区别在于
class Parrot(object):
在python2.6下,分别运行测试
片段1:将会提示一个预期的错误信息 AttributeError: can't set attribute
片段2:正确运行
参考python2.6文档,@property将提供一个ready-only property,以上代码没有提供对应的@voltage.setter,按理说片段2代码将提示运行错误,在python2.6文档中,我们可以找到以下信息:
BIF:
property([fget[, fset[, fdel[, doc]]]])
Return a property attribute for new-style classes (classes that derive from object).
原来在python2.6下,内置类型 object 并不是默认的基类,如果在定义类时,没有明确说明的话(代码片段2),我们定义的Parrot(代码片段2)将不会继承object
而object类正好提供了我们需要的@property功能,在文档中我们可以查到如下信息:
new-style class
Any class which inherits from object. This includes all built-in types like list and dict. Only new-style classes can use Python's newer, versatile features like __slots__, descriptors, properties, and __getattribute__().
- class A: pass
- >>type(A)
- <type 'classobj'>
- class A(object): pass
- >>type(A)
- <type 'type'>
从返回的,可以看出是我们需要的object类型(python 3.0 将object类作为默认基类,所以都将返回)
为了考虑代码的python 版本过渡期的兼容性问题,我觉得应该定义class文件的时候,都应该显式定义object,做为一个好习惯
- class Parrot(object):
- def __init__(self):
- self._voltage = 100000
- @property
- def voltage(self):
- """Get the current voltage."""
- return self._voltage
- @voltage.setter
- def voltage(self, new_value):
- self._voltage = new_value
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- # instance
- p = Parrot()
- # similarly invoke "getter" via @property
- print p.voltage
- # update, similarly invoke "setter"
- p.voltage = 12
另外,@property是在2.6、3.0新增的,2.5没有该功能。
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