前言
如果已经熟悉POSIX线程,那么C++11的线程也不会陌生,可以看做将POSIX线程API的子集做了高层抽象,一个好处就是更容易写跨平台线程应用,下文简要罗列C++11线程的几个重要组成部分,最后给一个简单的线程池实现。
Threads --- 线程创建与回收
线程构造函数,参数f可以是普通函数或类成员函数
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template< class Function, class... Args >
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explicit thread( Function&& f, Args&&... args );
线程ID,全局唯一,线程退出后会可能被重用
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std::thread::id get_id() const;
阻塞当前运行线程,直到目标线程执行完毕
Mutual exclusion --- 互斥锁
基本的0-1互斥锁,支持lock/unlock/try_lock
以RAII(Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)的方式使用mutex
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template< class Mutex >
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class lock_guard;
movable mutex,支持各种mutex场景
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template< class Mutex >
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class unique_lock;
Condition variables --- 条件变量
与std::unique_lock配合使用的条件变量,常用方法wait/notify_one/notify_all
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class condition_variable;
Atomics --- 原子操作
C++唯一可以无锁(lock-free)异步访问的数据结构。这里是一个雷区,有很多晦涩和反直觉的现象,在100%理解相关概念之前,只用bool标志读写或计数器自增之类简单功能吧!
Futures --- 异步或并行执行的高层接口
是上面功能的高层抽象,让异步或并行用起来更简单,直接看参考手册即可。
Thread Pool Executor--- 线程池示例
简单的线程池,但已经涉及到上文的多数功能
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#include <algorithm>
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#include <atomic>
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#include <condition_variable>
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#include <functional>
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#include <mutex>
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#include <queue>
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#include <thread>
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#include <vector>
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#include <iostream>
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#include <chrono>
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namespace concurrent {
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namespace futures {
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class ThreadPoolExecutor {
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typedef std::function<void()> Function;
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public:
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ThreadPoolExecutor(int maxworkers): _exit_flag(false)
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{
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int num;
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if (maxworkers > 0) {
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num = maxworkers;
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} else {
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num = std::max(1, (int)std::thread::hardware_concurrency());
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}
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for ( ; num > 0; num--) {
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_workers.emplace_back(&ThreadPoolExecutor::_run, this);
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}
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}
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~ThreadPoolExecutor()
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{
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if (!_exit_flag.load()) {
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stop();
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}
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}
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void submit(Function&& f)
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{
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{
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std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lg(_cond_mutex);
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_tasks.emplace(f);
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}
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_cond_var.notify_all();
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}
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void join()
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{
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for (auto &t: _workers) {
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t.join();
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}
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}
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void stop()
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{
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_exit_flag.store(true);
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_cond_var.notify_all();
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join();
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}
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private:
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void _run()
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{
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Function job;
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auto wakeup = [&]{ return _exit_flag.load() || !_tasks.empty(); };
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while (!_exit_flag.load()) {
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{
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std::unique_lock<std::mutex> ul(_cond_mutex);
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_cond_var.wait(ul, wakeup);
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if (_exit_flag.load()) break;
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job = _tasks.front();
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_tasks.pop();
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}
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job();
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}
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}
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private:
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std::vector<std::thread> _workers;
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std::queue<Function> _tasks;
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std::mutex _cond_mutex;
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std::condition_variable _cond_var;
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std::atomic<bool> _exit_flag;
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}; // class ThreadPoolExecutor
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}; // namespace futures
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}; // namespace concurrent
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void print(int num, char c)
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{
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for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
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std::cerr << c << ' ';
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std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
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}
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}
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using namespace concurrent::futures;
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int main(int argc, char* argv[])
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{
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std::vector<char> sample{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'};
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ThreadPoolExecutor pool(0);
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for (auto v: sample) {
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pool.submit(std::bind(print, 100, v));
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}
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pool.join();
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return 0;
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}
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