在前面的
Bash命令行处理流程详解中，
第九步的 wrod spliting 用到了 LFShttp://blog.chinaunix.net/u2/63316/showart_2152062.html
摘自man bash 的关于 IFS 的东西
IFS The Internal Field Separator that is used for word splitting after expansion and to split lines into words with the read builtin command. The default value is ``
''.
1. Word Splitting
The shell scans the results of
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion that
did not occur within double quotes for word splitting.
The
shell treats each character of IFS as a delimiter, and splits the
results of the other expansions into words on these characters.
If IFS is unset, or its value is exactly
, the default, then any sequence
of IFS characters serves to delimit words. If IFS has a value other
than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters space
and tab are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the
whitespace character is in the value of IFS (an IFS whitespace
character). Any character in IFS that is not IFS whitespace, along
with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A
sequence of IFS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs.
Explicit null arguments ("" or '') are retained. Unquoted implicit null
arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no
values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
bash splits only the results of expansions on IFS, using
POSIX.2 field splitting rules; sh splits all words on IFS.
2. $* Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin-
gle word with the value of each parameter separated by the first
character of the IFS special variable. That is, "$*" is equiva-
lent to "$1c$2c...", where c is the first character of the value
of the IFS variable. If IFS is unset, the parameters are sepa-
rated by spaces. If IFS is null, the parameters are joined
without intervening separators.
3 . Any element of an array may be referenced using ${name[subscript]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If subscript is @ or *, the word expands to all members of name. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${name[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the IFS special variable, and
${name[@]} expands each element of name to a separate word. When there are no array members, ${name[@]} expands to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters * and @ (see Special Parameters above). ${#name[subscript]} expands to the length of ${name[subscript]}. If subscript is * or @, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing element zero.
以下是Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide中关于IFS的论述
$IFS defaults to (space,
tab, and newline), but may be changed, for example,
to parse a comma-separated data file. Note that
uses the first
character held in $IFS. See .
bash$ echo "$IFS"
(With $IFS set to default, a blank line displays.)
bash$ echo "$IFS" | cat -vte
^I$
$
(Show whitespace: here a single space, ^I [horizontal tab],
and newline, and display "$" at end-of-line.)
bash$ bash -c 'set w x y z; IFS=":-;"; echo "$*"'
w:x:y:z
(Read commands from string and assign any arguments to pos params.)
|
 | $IFS does not handle whitespace
the same as it does other characters.
Example 9-1. $IFS and whitespace #!/bin/bash
# ifs.sh
var1="a+b+c"
var2="d-e-f"
var3="g,h,i"
IFS=+
# The plus sign will be interpreted as a separator.
echo $var1 # a b c
echo $var2 # d-e-f
echo $var3 # g,h,i
echo
IFS="-"
# The plus sign reverts to default interpretation.
# The minus sign will be interpreted as a separator.
echo $var1 # a+b+c
echo $var2 # d e f
echo $var3 # g,h,i
echo
IFS=","
# The comma will be interpreted as a separator.
# The minus sign reverts to default interpretation.
echo $var1 # a+b+c
echo $var2 # d-e-f
echo $var3 # g h i
echo
IFS=" "
# The space character will be interpreted as a separator.
# The comma reverts to default interpretation.
echo $var1 # a+b+c
echo $var2 # d-e-f
echo $var3 # g,h,i
# ======================================================== #
# However ...
# $IFS treats whitespace differently than other characters.
output_args_one_per_line()
{
for arg
do
echo "[$arg]"
done # ^ ^ Embed within brackets, for your viewing pleasure.
}
echo; echo "IFS=\" \""
echo "-------"
IFS=" "
var=" a b c "
# ^ ^^ ^^^
output_args_one_per_line $var # output_args_one_per_line `echo " a b c "`
# [a]
# [b]
# [c]
echo; echo "IFS=:"
echo "-----"
IFS=:
var=":a::b:c:::" # Same pattern as above,
# ^ ^^ ^^^ #+ but substituting ":" for " " ...
output_args_one_per_line $var
# []
# [a]
# []
# [b]
# [c]
# []
# []
# Note "empty" brackets.
# The same thing happens with the "FS" field separator in awk.
echo
exit |
|
(Many thanks, Stéphane Chazelas, for clarification
and above examples.)
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