Visual C++ 入门精解(1)

程序作者：管宁　个人网站：www.cndev-lab.com 
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　　VC作为一个主流的开发平台一直深受编程爱好者的喜爱，但是很多人却对它的入门感到难于上青天，究其原因主要是大家对他错误的认识造成的，严格的来说VC++不是门语言，虽然它和C++之间有密切的关系,如果形象点比喻的话，可以C++看作为一种”工业标准”，而VC++则是某种操作系统平台下的”厂商标准”,而”厂商标准”是在遵循”工业标准”的前提下扩展而来的。

　　VC++应用程序的开发主要有两种模式，一种是WIN API方式，另一种则是MFC方式，传统的WIN API开发方式比较繁琐，而MFC则是对WIN API再次封装，所以MFC相对于WIN API开发更具备效率优势，但为了对WINDOWS开发有一个较为全面细致的认识，笔者在这里还是以讲解WIN API的相关内容为主线。

　　话说到这里可能更多人关心的是学习VC++需要具备什么条件，为什么对于这扇门屡攻不破呢？

　　要想学习好VC必须具备良好的C/C++的基础，必要的英语阅读能力也是必不可少的，因为大量的技术文档多以英文形式发布。

　　许多初学VC++的人对于它怪异的写法和程序奇特的工作方式非常不理解，为了帮助大家对它的入门有一个比较概括的了解，我们把这一小节内容分成若干部分讲解。

　　第一部分：VC++中的对象的命名规则、常用宏定义的命名,以及VC++下的数据类型。
　　注：这部分简单浏览即可。

　　第二部分：VC++常用技术术语的解释。

　　第三部分：HelloWin程序的详细分析。

第一部分

匈牙利命名法规则

　　一般情况下，变量的取名方式为：

+ + 。

　　范围前缀_，类型前缀_，限定词。

特殊的类型命名,前缀表示：

　　类、接口

前缀	类型	例子	备注
Lm	Class	LmObject	表示类型本身 不与范围前缀结合使用
I	Interface 接口	IUnknown

　　注：类名前缀改为Lm，对于非全局的类最好有语义表示其所属模块。类的实例命名与类名大致相同，只是类名语义表示类的通用含义，而类名表示此实例的具体语义。如类名LmSketPoint表示草图点的类定义，而它的两个实例 _StartPoint,_EndPoint分别代表起点和终点的语义。类的实例命名带上前缀_。

　　特殊约定：
　　a． MouseTool的派生类的前缀为_Mt.
　　b． 对话框类的前缀为CDlg.
　　c． 橡皮条类的前缀为_Rb.

凡围前缀:

前缀	类型	例子	备注
g_	全局作用域	g_Servers
m_	成员变量	m_pDoc,
l_	局部作用域	l_strName	少用

　　注：编程时尽量少用全程变量，对于全程变量还应在类型前缀后加上如下关键字：

　　特征模块   ：    Fea
　　草图模块   ：    Sket
　　装配模块   ：    Asm
　　工程图模块：    Lay
　　曲面模块   ：    Surf
　　界面模块   ：    Ui

 常用的一般数据类型的前缀

前缀	类型	内存规格描述	例子
ch	char	8-bit character	chGrade
ch	TCHAR	16-bit character if _UNICODE is defined	chName
b	BOOL	Boolean value	bEnabled
n	int	Integer (size dependent on operating system)	nLength
n	UINT	Unsigned value (size dependent on operating system)	nLength
w	WORD	16-bit unsigned value	wPos
l	LONG	32-bit signed integer	lOffset
dw	DWORD	32-bit unsigned integer	dwRange
p	*	Ambient memory model pointer	pDoc
lp	FAR*	Far pointer	lpDoc
lpsz	LPSTR	32-bit pointer to character string	lpszName
lpsz	LPCSTR	32-bit pointer to constant character string	lpszName
lpsz	LPCTSTR	32-bit pointer to constant character string if _UNICODE is defined	lpszName
h	handle	Handle to Windows object	hWnd
lpfn	(*fn)()	callbackFar pointer to CALLBACK function	lpfnAbort

常用Windows对象名称缩写

Windows 对象	例子变量	MFC类	例子对象
HWND	hWnd;	CWnd*	pWnd;
HDLG	hDlg;	CDialog*	pDlg;
HDC	hDC;	CDC*	pDC;
HGDIOBJ	hGdiObj;	CGdiObject*	pGdiObj;
HPEN	hPen;	CPen*	pPen;
HBRUSH	hBrush;	CBrush*	pBrush;
HFONT	hFont;	CFont*	pFont;
HBITMAP	hBitmap;	CBitmap*	pBitmap;
HPALETTE	hPalette;	CPalette*	pPalette;
HRGN	hRgn;	CRgn*	pRgn;
HMENU	hMenu;	CMenu*	pMenu;
HWND	hCtl;	CStatic*	pStatic;
HWND	hCtl;	CButton*	pBtn;
HWND	hCtl;	CEdit*	pEdit;
HWND	hCtl;	CListBox*	pListBox;
HWND	hCtl;	CComboBox*	pComboBox;

Visual C++常用宏定义命名列表

前缀	符号类型	符号例子	范围
IDR_	标识多个资源共享的类型	IDR_MAINFRAME	1 to 0x6FFF
IDD_	对话框资源(Dialog)	IDD_SPELL_CHECK	1 to 0x6FFF
IDB_	位图资源(Bitmap)	IDB_COMPANY_LOGO	1 to 0x6FFF
IDC_	光标资源(Cursor)	IDC_PENCIL	1 to 0x6FFF
IDI_	图标资源(Icon)	IDI_NOTEPAD	1 to 0x6FFF
ID_IDM_	工具栏或菜单栏的命令项	ID_TOOLS_SPELLING	0x8000 to 0xDFFF
HID_	命令上下文帮助(Command Help context)	HID_TOOLS_SPELLING	0x18000 to 0x1DFFF
IDP_	消息框提示文字资源	IDP_INVALID_PARTNO	8 to 0xDFFF
HIDP_	消息框上下文帮助(Message-box Help context)	HIDP_INVALID_PARTNO	0x30008 to 0x3DFFF
IDS_	字符串资源(String)	IDS_COPYRIGHT	1 to 0x7FFF
IDC_	对话框内的控制资源(Control)	IDC_RECALC	8 to 0xDFFF

VISUAL C++ 下的数据类型

类型	含义
ATOM	Atom. For more information, see Atoms.
BOOL	Boolean variable (should be TRUE or FALSE).
BOOLEAN	Boolean variable (should be TRUE or FALSE).
BYTE	Byte (8 bits).
CALLBACK	Calling convention for callback functions.
CHAR	8-bit Windows (ANSI) character. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
COLORREF	Red, green, blue (RGB) color value (32 bits). See COLORREF for information on this type.
CONST	Variable whose value is to remain constant during execution.
DWORD	32-bit unsigned integer.
DWORD_PTR	Unsigned long type for pointer precision. Use when casting a pointer to a long type to perform pointer arithmetic. (Also commonly used for general 32-bit parameters that have been extended to 64 bits in 64-bit Windows. )
DWORD32	32-bit unsigned integer.
DWORD64	64-bit unsigned integer.
FLOAT	Floating-point variable.
HACCEL	Handle to an accelerator table.
HANDLE	Handle to an object.
HBITMAP	Handle to a bitmap.
HBRUSH	Handle to a brush.
HCONV	Handle to a dynamic data exchange (DDE) conversation.
HCONVLIST	Handle to a DDE conversation list.
HCURSOR	Handle to a cursor.
HDC	Handle to a device context (DC).
HDDEDATA	Handle to DDE data.
HDESK	Handle to a desktop.
HDROP	Handle to an internal drop structure.
HDWP	Handle to a deferred window position structure.
HENHMETAFILE	Handle to an enhanced metafile.
HFILE	Handle to a file opened by OpenFile, not CreateFile.
HFONT	Handle to a font.
HGDIOBJ	Handle to a GDI object.
HGLOBAL	Handle to a global memory block.
HHOOK	Handle to a hook.
HICON	Handle to an icon.
HIMAGELIST	Handle to an image list.
HIMC	Handle to input context.
HINSTANCE	Handle to an instance.
HKEY	Handle to a registry key.
HKL	Input locale identifier.
HLOCAL	Handle to a local memory block.
HMENU	Handle to a menu.
HMETAFILE	Handle to a metafile.
HMODULE	Handle to a module. The value is the base address of the module.
HMONITOR	Handle to a display monitor.
HPALETTE	Handle to a palette.
HPEN	Handle to a pen.
HRGN	Handle to a region.
HRSRC	Handle to a resource.
HSZ	Handle to a DDE string.
HWINSTA	Handle to a window station.
HWND	Handle to a window.
INT	32-bit signed integer.
INT_PTR	Signed integral type for pointer precision. Use when casting a pointer to an integer to perform pointer arithmetic.
INT32	32-bit signed integer.
INT64	64-bit signed integer.
LANGID	Language identifier. For more information, see Locales.
LCID	Locale identifier. For more information, see Locales.
LCTYPE	Locale information type. For a list, see Locale and Language Information.
LONG	32-bit signed integer.
LONG_PTR	Signed long type for pointer precision. Use when casting a pointer to a long to perform pointer arithmetic.
LONG32	32-bit signed integer.
LONG64	64-bit signed integer.
LONGLONG	64-bit signed integer.
LPARAM	Message parameter.
LPBOOL	Pointer to a BOOL.
LPBYTE	Pointer to a BYTE.
LPCOLORREF	Pointer to a COLORREF value.
LPCRITICAL_SECTION	Pointer to a CRITICAL_SECTION.
LPCSTR	Pointer to a constant null-terminated string of 8-bit Windows (ANSI) characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
LPCTSTR	An LPCWSTR if UNICODE is defined, an LPCTSTR otherwise.
LPCVOID	Pointer to a constant of any type.
LPCWSTR	Pointer to a constant null-terminated string of 16-bit Unicode characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
LPDWORD	Pointer to a DWORD.
LPHANDLE	Pointer to a HANDLE.
LPINT	Pointer to an INT.
LPLONG	Pointer to a LONG.
LPSTR	Pointer to a null-terminated string of 8-bit Windows (ANSI) characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
LPTSTR	An LPWSTR if UNICODE is defined, an LPSTR otherwise.
LPVOID	Pointer to any type.
LPWORD	Pointer to a WORD.
LPWSTR	Pointer to a null-terminated string of 16-bit Unicode characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
LRESULT	Signed result of message processing.
LUID	Locally unique identifier.
PBOOL	Pointer to a BOOL.
PBOOLEAN	Pointer to a BOOL.
PBYTE	Pointer to a BYTE.
PCHAR	Pointer to a CHAR.
PCRITICAL_SECTION	Pointer to a CRITICAL_SECTION.
PCSTR	Pointer to a constant null-terminated string of 8-bit Windows (ANSI) characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
PCTSTR	A PCWSTR if UNICODE is defined, a PCSTR otherwise.
PCWCH	Pointer to a constant WCHAR.
PCWSTR	Pointer to a constant null-terminated string of 16-bit Unicode characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
PDWORD	Pointer to a DWORD.
PFLOAT	Pointer to a FLOAT.
PHANDLE	Pointer to a HANDLE.
PHKEY	Pointer to an HKEY.
PINT	Pointer to an INT.
PLCID	Pointer to an LCID.
PLONG	Pointer to a LONG.
PLUID	Pointer to a LUID.
POINTER_32	32-bit pointer. On a 32-bit system, this is a native pointer. On a 64-bit system, this is a truncated 64-bit pointer.
POINTER_64	64-bit pointer. On a 64-bit system, this is a native pointer. On a 32-bit system, this is a sign-extended 32-bit pointer.
PSHORT	Pointer to a SHORT.
PSTR	Pointer to a null-terminated string of 8-bit Windows (ANSI) characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
PTBYTE	Pointer to a TBYTE.
PTCHAR	Pointer to a TCHAR.
PTSTR	PWSTR if UNICODE is defined, a PSTR otherwise.
PTBYTE	Pointer to a TBYTE.
PTCHAR	Pointer to a TCHAR.
PTSTR	A PWSTR if UNICODE is defined, a PSTR otherwise.
PUCHAR	Pointer to a UCHAR.
PUINT	Pointer to a UINT.
PULONG	Pointer to a ULONG.
PUSHORT	Pointer to a USHORT.
PVOID	Pointer to any type.
PWCHAR	Pointer to a WCHAR.
PWORD	Pointer to a WORD.
PWSTR	Pointer to a null-terminated string of 16-bit Unicode characters. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
REGSAM	Security access mask for registry key.
SC_HANDLE	Handle to a service control manager database. For more information, see SCM Handles.
SC_LOCK	Handle to a service control manager database lock. For more information, see SCM Handles.
SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE	Handle to a service status value. For more information, see SCM Handles.
SHORT	Short integer (16 bits).
SIZE_T	The maximum number of bytes to which a pointer can point. Use for a count that must span the full range of a pointer.
SSIZE_ T	Signed SIZE_T.
TBYTE	A WCHAR if UNICODE is defined, a CHAR otherwise.
TCHAR	A WCHAR if UNICODE is defined, a CHAR otherwise.
UCHAR	Unsigned CHAR.
UINT	Unsigned INT.
UINT_PTR	Unsigned INT_PTR.
UINT32	Unsigned INT32.
UINT64	Unsigned INT64.
ULONG	Unsigned LONG.
ULONG_PTR	Unsigned LONG_PTR.
ULONG32	Unsigned LONG32.
ULONG64	Unsigned LONG64.
ULONGLONG	64-bit unsigned integer.
UNSIGNED	Unsigned attribute.
USHORT	Unsigned SHORT.
VOID	Any type.
WCHAR	16-bit Unicode character. For more information, see Character Sets Used By Fonts.
WINAPI	Calling convention for system functions.
WORD	16-bit unsigned integer.
WPARAM	Message parameter.