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2008-10-15 21:06:20
2)、表示条件关系的
(1)、as/so far as far as(①、尽...;就...而言/论②、远到...)
They walked as far as the lake.他们一直走到湖边。
I'll help you as far as I can.我将尽我所能帮助你。
(2)、if anything(如果有区别的话)
Her family, if anything, was richer than mine.要说有什么区别的话,她家比我家有钱。
(3)、if necessary(如果必要的话)
You can use these reference books, if necessary.如果必要,你可用这些参考书。
(4)、if possible(如有可能)
I'll help him if possible.如有可能我会帮助他的。
(5)、in so far as (只要)
In so far as you are a student, you are free to use the library.
只要你是学生,便可免费使用该图书馆。
(6)、nothing but(除了，只有)
Nothing but a miracle can save her life.只有奇迹才能挽救她的生命。
(7)、once...(conj.一旦,一经...便)
Once you get into a bad habit, you'll find it hard to get out of it.
一旦染上坏习惯,想改掉就难了。
补充：if so(假如这样的话)；while(=as long as只要),
according as(如果;倘若)；as/so long as(只要)；if(假如)；In case(假使，万一)；on condition that(只要;在…的条件下)；provided (that)(conj.以...为条件;假如)；providing (that)(conj.假如)；supposing (that)(conj.假如,如果)；unless(除非，如果不)；given( that)(prep.如果有;假如;考虑到[+(that)])
3)、表示目的关系的
(1)、in this way这样,用这种方法)
Why do you represent the matter in this way? 你为什麽把这事说成这样?
A painting executed in this way. 湿壁画用这种方法画的画
In this way, the object is given both data properties and behaviors, and so object oriented programs can better reflect the real world they are trying to simulate.
通过这种方式，对象被赋予数据特征和行为，因此，使用面向对象程序能够更好地反映程序欲模拟的现实世界。
In this way they can better apply theory to practice.
这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。
(2)、on that account(由于那个缘故..因此)
It was raining and on that account I wore a hat. 天正在下雨，因此我戴了一顶帽子。
(3)、so(以便),
Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better.拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。
(4)、so as to(以便)
The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating.
试题必须保密,以防作弊。
(5)、that(以便),
Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly.咱们坐前排，以便看得清楚点。
I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码写下，以免忘了。
(6)、with a view to(以...为目的)
He studied English hard with a view to mastering it quickly.
他为了尽快精通英语而努力学习。
补充：for the same reason为了同样的理由；for this purpose因此
for fear that(以免,惟恐;从句中一般含有将来、能愿助动词)；in case(以防,以免)；in order that (为了,以便)；lest(conj.免得,以防,惟恐;担心)；(so) that(为了,以便)
4)、表示结果关系的
(1)、accordingly(ad.因此;于是);
He was too sick to stay,accordingly, we sent him home.
他身体欠安,不能呆下去了,于是我们便派人把他送回家去。
(2)、and(conj.所以,因此)
Go straight on and you'll see a church.
一直走下去你便可以看到一座教堂。
They told her to water the flowers every morning, and she did it thus.
他们吩咐她每天早晨浇花,于是她照办了。
(3)、and so(conj.所以)
This ticket has passed its expiration date, and so it is now invalid.
It was snowing, and so I could not go out.天在下雪，所以我无法外出。
(4)、as a consequence (adv.结果,因此,从而)
The mating of persons from different groups, often as a consequence of taboos
against marriage within the group.
族外婚分属不同群体的人之间的婚姻，常由不准族内通婚的禁忌导致
As a consequence of smoking, my father coughs frequently.
因为吸烟的缘故，我父亲经常咳嗽。
An unpleasant sensation occurring in varying degrees of severity as a consequence
of injury, disease, or emotional disorder.
疼痛作为伤害、疾病或感情的混乱的结果以各种不同严重程度出现的令人不快的情感
(5)、as a result(of)( 作为...的结果,因此);
As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden.因此我们不得不给菜地浇水。
As a result, they saved 90% of the trees in the forest.
结果他们拯救了这座森林里90％的树木。
(6)、consequently(ad.结果,因此,必然地);
I missed the train and consequently was late for work.
我没有赶上火车,结果上班迟到了。
(7)、hence(ad.[书[因此;由此);
This is a gold necklace, hence it is expensive.这是根金项链,因此很贵。
(8)、in consequence(结果)
She studied hard, and in consequence she passed the examination.
她努力学习,结果通过了考试。
(9)、inevitably(ad.不可避免地;必然地)
Inevitably he failed the exam, because he was lazy.因为他很懒惰,考试当然不及格。
(10)、therefore(ad.因此,因而,所以)
He was down with the flu, and therefore couldn't come to the party.
他患了流行性感冒,因此未能前来参加宴会。
(11)、thereupon(ad.因此,于是)
The watch was found in his bag; thereupon he was accused of stealing.
在他的袋子里发现了表,因此他被指控偷窃。
(12)、thus(ad.①、如此,这样,以此方式②、到如此程度③、因此,从而)
He didn't work hard,thus he was fired.他工作不努力,因此被解雇。
so(conj.①、因此,所以②、因而,从而)；so that(如此...以至于)；so…that(如此...以至于)；such…that(如此...以至于)
5)、表示原因关系的
(1)、as a result (of)(…由于)
He was late as a result of the snow.由于大雪他迟到了。
Five hundred jobs were axed as a result of government spending cuts.
由于政府缩减经费的缘故，有五百人被突然解雇了。
(2)、being that(因为)
It is man's social being that determines his thinking [consciousness].
人们的社会存在，决定人们的思想[意识]。
(3)、due to(因为,由于)
Her absence was due to the storm.由于风雨交加她没来。
(4)、in this/that case(既然这/那样)
You have finished, haven't you? In that case, you may have a rest.
你已经完工了,是不是?既然那样,你可以休息一下。
In this case, let's start earlier.既然这样,我们就早点开始。
(5)、in that(因为)
This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.
这本书不同于那本,因为这本是有关化学的,而那本是有关历史的。
(6)、in view of(鉴于;考虑到)
In view of this, we'll start earlier.考虑到这点,我们将提早开始。
(7)、owing to(由于)
Owing to the rain the match was cancelled.由于下雨,比赛取消了。
(8)、thanks to(由于或因为某人<某事>,通常用于好的方面,译为“多亏”,但有时作反语；引导的介词短语可置于句首或句末)
The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast.
由于全体演员的出色表演，那出戏才成功。
It was thanks to his carelessness that we lost the game.
由于他的疏忽大意我们输掉了这场比赛。
注意：Small thanks to(一点也不感激)
We were successful ,but small thanks to you.我们成功了，但一点也不感激你。
补充：for the reason that(that=for which后面跟定语从句)
as(conj.因为)；because of(因为)；because(因为) ；considering (that)(conj.就...而论,考虑到)；for(conj.因为,由于)；now that既然；seeing (that) (conj.由于,鉴于,因为)；since(conj.既然;因为,由于)
6)、表示让步关系的
(1)、after all(毕竟;终究;到底)
It turned out he went by train after all.结果他还是乘火车去的。
(2)、anyhow(ad.①.无论如何,不管怎么说②.不管从什么角度(或用什么方法),总之)
It may snow, but anyhow I will go to town.可能下雪,但我无论如何要进城。
He couldn't convince her anyhow.他怎么想办法也不能使她信服。
(3)、anyway(ad.①.[口[无论如何,不管怎样,至少,反正②.不论以何种方式,不论从何种角度]]
That wasn't my fault, anyway.反正那不是我的过错。
It may rain, but we shall go anyway.也许会下雨,可我们无论如何要去。
You can do the job anyway you want.这工作你想怎么干都行。
(4)、at any rate(无论如何;至少)
At any rate, the medical supplies will reach you within a week.
无论如何,医疗用品将于一星期内运到你那里。
(5)、despite (prep.不管,尽管,任凭)
He went to work despite his illness.尽管生病,他还是去工作。
Despite advanced years, she is learning to drive.尽管年事已高,她还在学开车。
(6)、even so(即使如此, 尽管如此)
The book is rather old,even so, it is very useful.
这本书已很旧,尽管如此,它还是很有用。
Even so, younger buyers and others who have been on the leading edge of trends continue to prefer Japanese cars in disproportionate numbers.
尽管如此，年轻的顾客以及走在时代潮流前面的人，仍然宁买日本汽车，其人数之众简直不成比例。
(7)、for all that(尽管如此)
She may have some shortcomings, but she is a good mother for all that.
她可能有一些缺点,尽管如此,她还是一位好母亲。
(8)、in any case(无论如何)
In any case, book the tickets first.无论如何先把票订好。
(9)、in any event(不管怎样,无论如何)
We'll probably come to visit you next week, but in any event we'll telephone you.
下星期我们可能来看你,但不管怎样,我们都会打电话给你。
In any event, we should carry on with our research.
无论如何, 我们必须坚持研究。
(10)、in spite of that(不管)；
I went out in spite of the rain.尽管下雨我仍外出了。
(11)、notwithstanding(conj.[书]虽然,尽管)
Notwithstanding he tried hard, he failed in chemistry.
尽管很努力,他化学考试还是没及格。
(12)、regardless of(不管,不顾)
Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower.他不顾危险地爬上了高塔。
补充：no matter+疑问词(无论…,不管…)；still(conj.然而,但是;尽管如此)
although(conj.虽然;尽管);as(conj.虽然);even if(即使;虽然);even though(即使;虽然);though(conj.虽然;尽管);Wherever(conj. 无论什么情况下);whether…or…(conj.不论/不管……还是……);While(conj.虽然,尽管);疑问词+ever(无论…,不管…)
7)、表示方式关系
Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do.没有人像我这样爱你。
补充：as(象…)；as though/if (似乎、好像)
8)、表示地点关系的
(1)、in the distance(在(相当)远处)
I could see the faint gleam of light in the distance. 我能看见远处微弱的灯光。
The lighthouse of the island gleamed in the distance. 远处岛上的灯塔在闪耀着。
(2)、Wherever(conj.无论在哪里;无论到哪里)
补充：farther(ad.距离、时间)更远地,再往前地;anywhere(任何地方);Where(conj.在...处;到...的地方;...的地方)
9)、表示比较关系的
(1)、... rather than..(conj.与其...倒不如)
It is a telex rather than a letter. 与其说它是一封信，不如说它是一封电传。
Rather than risk breaking up his marriage he told his wife everything.
他惟恐婚姻破裂，把一切都告诉了妻子。
(2)、(as) compared with(与...比较)
The output of the factory this year has increased by 20 percent as compared with last year.这家厂今年的产量比去年增加了百分之二十。
(3)、in comparison with(与...相比)
He is quite tall in comparison with his classmates.与他的同学相比,他相当高。
(4)、likewise(ad.[书]同样地,照样地)
I told him to watch me and do likewise.我叫他仔细看着我,并且照样做。
(5)、similarly(同样地,相仿地)
My brother was similarly threatened.我兄弟也遭到同样的威胁。
补充：when compared with(实际是when it is compared with的缩略形式)；in like manner(同样地)；in the same way(和…一样，同样地)；in the same manner that(与...同样地)；than(conj.比,比较)；as…as(和…一样)；the same as(跟...一样)
10)、表对比(对照<不同点>))关系的,
(1)、as opposed to(“相对于..., 不是...”；完全不同, 截然相反, 反对, 对照)
as opposed to 多是用于会话或信函来往中一方对另一方的反馈，你必须是清楚地明白某件特定的事，而非对方所提出的那件，就好像乙知道这是只羊，而非甲说的牛。可见，在没有对话的互动情景下就不必使用 as opposed to，比如甲自言自语说，这是头驴，不是马，这时候就不需要说 It's a mule, as opposed to a horse，因为这句话完全可以有更多种说法，比如，这是头驴，不是骡子，或者，这是头驴，不是羊，或者，这是头驴，不是牛，有多少飞禽走兽就会有多少种说法，也就是说没有特定的对比对象，在这样的情况下，It's a mule, not a horse 就足够了。
Please call me POPO, as opposed to Plod:)
Men as opposed to women.男人，与女人对称
Interest in one's environment or in others as opposed to or to the exclusion of oneself.
外倾对环境或其它的如与自身相反的或自身以外的事物的兴趣
A human being considered with respect to his or her physical, as opposed to spiritual, nature.兽性，动物性一个人身体方面的特性，与精神和性情相对的方面
(2)、by contrast(相比之下)
By contrast, he was much more frank.相比之下,他坦率得多。
(3)、contrary to(与...相反)；
What you are doing now is contrary to the doctor's advice.你正在做与医嘱相反的事。
(4)、conversely(ad.逆;相反地)
Conversely, work in applied science and technology frequently acts as a direct stimulus to the development of pure science.
相反，应用科学技术的成果在纯科学的发展中经常起到直接的促进作用。
Conversely, intelligent beings which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years.
反过来说，其他星球上的刚刚开始进化的智力生命，他们要过几千年之后，也许才可能收到我们的信号。
(5)、in contrast with(与...形成对比;与...相比)
In contrast with his brothers, Tom is rather short.与几位兄弟相比,汤姆的个子相当矮。
(6)、not...but...(不是……而是…)
She is not a singer but a film star.她不是个歌星而是个影星。
It never rains but it pours.（对比）
(7)、on the contrary(正相反)
You're quite free now, I think,on the contrary, I have tons of things to do!
我想你现在一定很空。正相反,我有一大堆事要做!
(8)、unlike(prep.不像,和...不同)
It's unlike you not to say hello.连招呼都不打这不像是你。
His new novel is unlike all his previous ones. 他新出的这部小说与他以前的不同。
11)、表递进(补充)关系的
(1)、as/so far as... is concerned(就······而言；句型用来引出个人的观点与看法)
As far as I’m concerned, I don’t mind that you wear this mini-skirt.
就我个人而言，我不介意你穿这件迷你裙。
The coat is fine as far as color is concerned, but it is not very good quality.
这件上衣就颜色来说还不错，但质量不太好。
(2)、as well as(conj.以及,又)
You must deposit 500 as well as the first month's rent.
你必须付500英镑押金及第一个月的租赁费.
Do you burn coal as well as wood on this fire?
(3)、besides(ad.此外,而且,加之)
The driver couldn't see either,besides, the roads are nearly impassable.
刚才司机也看不清楚。而且这些路简直无法通行。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing.此外,我要你答应我一件事。
(4)、further(ad.且,另外,再者)
The house is not big enough for us,and further, it is too far from the town.
这房子对我们来说太小了,再者,它离城也太远。
(5)、furthermore(ad.而且,此外,再者)
Furthermore, he felt that he wasn't really an authority on preventive medicine.
此外,他觉得自己并不真正是预防医学的权威。
He is inefficient, and furthermore he is innocent of any sense of responsibility.
他办事效率很低,而且没有丝毫责任感。
(6)、in addition (to) (除...之外<还>，另外)
In addition to French, he has to study Japanese.除了法语外,他还得学日语。
They eat a great deal of fruit in addition.他们还吃大量的水果。
(7)、moreover(ad.并且,加之,此外)
He was, moreover, a poet of promise.此外,他还是一个有前途的诗人。
Bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn't pollute the air.
骑自行车是很好的运动,而且还不污染环境。
(8)、then(ad.此外,还有)
The applicant has had some experience in this kind of work, and then he is easy to get along with.那位申请人以前做过这种工作,另外此人很容易相处。
(9)、what’s more(而且)
She learns quickly, and what's more, she remembers what she has learnt.
她学得很快,而且所学的全都记得。
补充：additionally (ad.附加地,同时,此外)
12)、表转折关系的
(1)、although(conj.然而)
I did not know that then, although I learned it later.
当时我不知道那件事,但我后来知道了。
(2)、and yet(可是,然而，语气和意思 比用 but 强)；
It's a contradiction to love animals and yet wear furs.
又爱护动物又穿毛皮服装, 是自相矛盾的.
And yet, the man cannot forgive the woman!
然而这个男子却不能原谅这个女子！
(3)、at the same time(然而)
He may be very rude sometimes but at the same time he is very kind.
有时候他可能很粗鲁,然而他还是很善良。
(4)、but(conj.①.但是②.可是,然而)
He's a bit naughty, but I like him all the same.他有点顽皮,可是我还是喜欢他。
It is hot in summer here, but it is not cold in winter.这里夏天热,但冬天不冷。
The bike was quite old but in excellent condition.（转折）
(5)、however(conj.然而,可是,不过)
I feel a bit tired,however, I can hold on.我有点累了,但我能坚持下去。
(6)、instead(ad.反而,却)
Instead of disturbing her, the news had a strangely calming effect.
这消息非但没有令她不安,反而产生了一种奇怪的镇定效果。
(7)、more than(表示”而不是”之意)
The manager, more than the trades union, is responsible for the present impasse.
目前的僵局应由经理而不是工会负责。
(8)、nevertheless(ad.仍然,不过,然而)
She was angry,nevertheless,she listened to me.她很生气,但还是听了我的话。
We can't act on your advice,nevertheless, thank you for giving it.
我们不能照你的建议去办。不过承蒙您提出来,十分感谢。
(9)、only(conj.①.[口]可是,不过②.要不是,若非[+(that)])
You may come at any time, only you had better let me know beforehand.
你什么时候来都行,不过最好先告诉我一声。
I'd have gone, only (that) it rained.要不是下雨,我已经走了。
(10)、otherwise(ad.否则,不然)
I'm not feeling very well today,otherwise I would do it myself.
今天我身体不太舒服,否则这事我就亲自去做了。
(11)、rather than(ph.而不是...)
It was what he meant rather than what he said.
I rather than he am to blame.
(12)、though (一般放在句尾)然而,还是
It was a hard job, he took it though.这是份苦差事,可他还是接受了。
(13)、whereas(conj.反之;却;而)
Some people like fatty meat, whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉,而有些人却不喜欢。
(14)、while(conj.而,然而)
I like tea while she likes coffee.我喜欢喝茶,而她喜欢喝咖啡。
(15)、yet(conj.可是,却,然而)
I don't know him, yet I can get his help.我不认识他,但我会得到他的帮助。
