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2008-08-10 21:55:41
九、独立主格
非谓语动词做状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+v-ing/v-ed；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+to v；
名词(代词)+介词短语构成。
1、非谓语动词的“独立主格结构”
1)、to v “独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+to v”结构中，to v短语和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来，他正在忙着准备饭菜。
－Will you go to the concert tonight? 你今晚去听音乐会吗？
－Sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.
= Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.
对不起，有这么多的做业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.
=The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
= If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。
2)、v-ing形式“独立主格结构”
v-ing形式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。如果v-ing形式拥有了自己的主语，与整个句子的主语不一致时，我们就把"逻辑主语+v-ing形式"称为“独立主格结构”。
Being ill, he went home. (= As he was very ill, he went home.)
(being ill的主语就是句子的主语)由于生病，他回家了。
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
(seating himself at the desk的主语就是句子的主语) 在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。
(1)、表示时间的v-ing形式做“独立主格结构”。
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
Spring coming on, the country is very green.
(相当于一个时间状语从句when spring comes)春天来了，田野一片翠绿。
(2)、表示原因的v-ing形式做“独立主格结构”。
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
(相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way)
由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.
(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)
许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。
(3)、表示条件的v-ing形式做“独立主格结构”。
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。
(4)、表示方式的v-ing形式做“独立主格结构”。
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest)
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都戴着一张卡。
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
3)、v-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与"逻辑主语 + v-ing形式"一样，如果v-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致，就需要用v-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners are able to read it.
= As the book is written in simple English, English beginners are able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
由于工作们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
The task completed, he had two months' leave.
= When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。
比较：to v表示动作没有发生或即将发生；v-ed形式表示动作已经结束；v-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried, many things to settle.
(事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用to settle)
经理看上去很着急，有这么多的事情要处理。
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
(事情已经处理好了，有动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
(两个动作同时进行)小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.
(两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的)饭做好了，小孩去睡了。
2、无动词“独立主格结构”
"逻辑主语+being+其他"是独立主格结构中的"逻辑主语+v-ing形式"的另一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
1)、逻辑主语+名词
The students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
(the youngest和a boy of 12 之间省去了being)
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
The brave man fought the wolves, a stick his only weapon.
(a stick和his only weapon之间省略了being)
那勇士与狼群博斗，木棍是他的惟一武器。
注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在"There being+名词"结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
今天是国庆节，街上很拥挤。
2)、逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
(his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being) 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
(his mouth和wide open之间省去了being)他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。
3)、逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
= School was over, and we all went home.
(school和over之间省去了being)
放学了，我们都回家了。
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
(his shoes和off之间省去了being)
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。
4)、逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
=He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑地走了进来。
注意：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词、同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.
音
3、介词’with/without+宾语+宾语补足语"独立主格结构
介词’with/without+宾语+宾语补足语"可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能现出来。
1)、with+名词/代词+形容词
He doesn't like to sleep with the windows open.
= He doesn't like to sleep when the windows are open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
=He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
注意：在"with+名词/代词+形容词"构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的v-ing形式或v-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn't want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
2)、with+名词/代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
= Our school looks even more beautiful if/when all the lights are on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后跟着。
3)、with+名词/代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
= He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
= Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
4)、with+名词/代词+v-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
= When his home work was done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
With the signal given, the train started.
= After the signal was given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
I wouldn't dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn't dare go home because the job was not finished.
5)、with+名词/代词+v-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
=Without being noticed, he slipped through the window.
他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
6)、with+名词/代词+ to v短语
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭做业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
= The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
注意：
在with/without的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)
4、独立主格结构的句法作用
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能做定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
1)、做状语：独立主格结构做状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
(1)、表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.
所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.
= After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.
所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打车回家了。
(2)、表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hared time.
因为有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(3)、表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
= If weather permits, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
All the work done, you can have a rest.
= As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
Everything taken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.
= If everything is taken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.
如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
注意：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.下课了,学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.
【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。
(4)、表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着，手里拿根手杖。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
= The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.
杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
= Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.
有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
2)、做定语
独立主格结构做定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
(with的复合结构做定语，修饰the student)
他就是有许多问题需要解决的那个人。
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
(with的复合结构做定语，修饰bottle)
你可以使用一个瓶颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
注意：在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。但需要注意的是，并不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain, the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶，公园看上去更美。(不能改为独立主格结构)
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。(不能改为独立主格结构)
