42第二章英语句法(十九)

3)、一般完成时态

(1)、概念

当谓语动词的动作发生在“过去时间”内时，但说话时要交代的并不是“过去发生了一个动作”，而是“过去发生的动作对现在的影响”，谓语就要用“一般完成时态”(表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。)。

这时句子里的时间词仍然表示过去时间，但和过去时时间里的时间词不一样，这时的时间词一般都和当前时间相联系，暗示出过去事件和当前结果的关系，通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。如so far,ever,never,already,yet,before now,up to now(迄今为止),for two years(两年来),since(自从),for,just,till/until,in past years,always等。

 

(2)、一般完成时态的用法

严格地说，谓语的一般过去时态和一般完成时态其实都是过去时态，它在时间上与过去时态相同，都表示动词在过去时间里完成，但暗示的侧重点不同：过去时态表示动作发在过去，“说的是一件过去的事”；而完成时态是为了解释一个现在的状况而去提一件过去的事，到过去的事件里去找理由，“说的是一件现在的事”。过去时态在讲话时，是让你听一个过去的故事，而完成时态在讲话时“话里有话”，主要是让你明白现在的事。请比较：

I lost my key.(目的是让你知道一件过去的故事，而现在的我也许正在喝咖啡。)

I have lost my key.(目的是让你知道一件过去的事，从而知道我现在的情况，暗示出：我现在进不去屋了，希望你提供帮助。)

 

注意：延续动词与非延续性动词

现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,

learn,work,study,know.等。
    过去时常用的非持续性动词如come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。

A、两者用于完成时的区别

　　延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

　　He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)

　　I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

B、两者用于till/until从句的差异

　　延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做…直到…" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到…，才…"

　　He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。

　　He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。

C、非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

(错)I have received his letter for a month.

(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

 

①、用于一般完成时的句型：

A、It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用一般完成时。

　  It is the first time that I have visited the city.

　  It is the third time that the boy has been late.

B、This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用一般完成时.

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

---Have you _ ever  been to our town before?

　  ---No, it's the first time I _ have come _ here.

②、ever意为”曾经”或”无论何时”，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。

This is the largest fish I have ever seen.

③、用since表达一般完成时的四种用法

A、since(prep) + 过去一个时间点(如具体的年,月,日期,钟点,1980,last month,half past six)。
　  I have been here since 1989.　
　  B、since(prep) +一段时间+ ago
　  I have been here since five months ago.
　  C、 since(conj) +从句　
　  Great changes have taken place since you left.
　  Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
　  D、It is +一段时间+ since(conj)从句
　  It has been two years since I became a postgraduate student.

= It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

 

比较since(prep/conj)和for(prep)：

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.

　　I have lived here since I was born..

　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　

　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　

　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　

　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　提示：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用一般完成时态。

　　I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)

　　I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)

　　小窍门：当一般完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。

　　A、(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

　　　    = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

　　B、(错) Harry has got married for six years.

　　　    = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

　　分析：显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.

 

④、一般现在时代替完成时

A、有些动词用一般现在时代替一般完成时，如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,

know, find,say,remember等。

　  I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

　  I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

B、句型 " It is….since…"代替"It has been… since…"

It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

 

(3)、一般完成时态与其他语态的常见的组合

“一般完成时态”有4个小“变脸”，见语法大表2第2组谓语公式。

3-1公式：此“小脸”是“主谓宾”的谓语，由“一般完成助动词”have、has加行为动词的“v-ed形式”构成，即”has/have + v-ed”，比如：

I have washed my car.（暗示出：我的车现在干净了）

I have had my lunch.(暗示出：我现在不饿了)

I have studied English for 11 years.(暗示出：我学英语很长时间了，不用学或厌烦了)

His watch has gone wrong.(暗示出：她掌握不准时间)

 

3-2公式：此“小脸”是“主系表”里的“是”，have been和has been表示“曾经是、已经是…..”，比如：

I have been a teacher for five years.

He has been ill for three days.

We have been here for a long time.

The weather has been cold so far this winter.

It has been a year since he left his country.

 

3-3公式：此“小脸”是“一般完成时态”与“进行语态”的组合，表示“曾经一直在做….”，由“一般完成助动词”have、has加系动词的完成式been再加上行为动词的“v-ing形式”构成，即”has/have + been v-ing”，比如：

She has been living there these years.

I have been calling you all the morning.

He has been writing a letter for three hours.

We have been looking for you everywhere.

 

3-4公式：此“小脸”是“一般完成时态”与“被动语态”的组合，表示“曾经被做、已经被做….”，由“一般完成助动词”have、has加系动词的完成式been再加上行为动词的“v-ed形式”构成，即”has/have + been v-ed”，比如：

The letter has been posted.

The university has been rebuilt.

The plan has already been made.

A lot of equipment has been bought.

 

4)、过去完成时态

(1)、概念

当谓语动词的动作发生在“过去的过去”时间内，谓语要用“过去完成时态”。什么叫“过去的过去”呢？当讲一件过去的事件时，事件当中又提到了一件过去的事，这个事件就发生在“过去的过去“时间里，因此过去完成时态常用在讲过去的故事之中。

过去完成时的时间状语：before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as等。

　  He said that he had learned some English before.

　  By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

　  Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

注意：had no….when(还没等…就….)和had no sooner…than…(刚…就…)

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

 

(2)、过去完成时态的用法：

①、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

(注释：因为宾语从句的动作或状态先于主句的动作或状态发生。)

②、状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，主句动作或状态发生在先，用过去完成时；从句动作或状态发生在后，用一般过去时。

　　When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

③、表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

　　We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

 

(3)、用一般过去时代替完成时

①、两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。

　　When she saw the mouse，she screamed.

　　My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

②、两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如果第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。

　　When I heard the news, I was very excited.

③、叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。

　　Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

 

(4)、过去完成时态与其他语态的常见的组合

“过去完成时态”有4个小“变脸”，见语法大表2第2组谓语公式。

4-1公式：此“小脸”是“主谓宾”的谓语，由had加行为动词的“v-ed形式”构成，即”had + v-ed”，比如：

He found she had left her case in the car.

The play had started when we got to the theater.

Shehad changed so much that I couldn’t recognize her.

I heard that they had made an important discovery.

My sister had left before I returned.

 

4-2公式：此“小脸”是“主系表”里的“是”，表示“曾经是、已经是…..”，由“过去完成助动词”had加系动词的完成式been构成(had been)，比如：

He said he had been in China for over five years.

He had been here for a long time when I came in.

 

4-3公式：此“小脸”是“过去完成时态”与“进行语态”的组合，表示“曾经一直在做….”，由“过去完成助动词”had加系动词的完成式been再加上行为动词的“v-ing形式”构成，即”had + been v-ing”，比如：

He said he had been waiting for a long time.

He told me that he had been swimming for five years.

 

4-4公式：此“小脸”是“过去完成时态”与“被动语态”的组合，表示“曾经被做、已经被做….”，由“过去完成助动词”had加系动词的完成式been再加上行为动词的“v-ed 形式”构成，即”had + been v-ed”，比如：

He said this board had been used as road sign for many years.

He came and told me that the work had been finished.

I was told that the sports meeting had been put off.

 

5)、一般将来时态

(1)、概念

当谓语动词的动作发生在“将来”时间时，我们就说动词的动作发生在“一般将来”时间段内。表达这个时段的时间词可以是tomorrow,a while later,in 5 minutes,in the future,at the end of next year(明年底),when you come next year等。

 

(2)、一般将来时态的用法

①、一般现在时代替一般将来时

A、下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这些词主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

　　When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.

B、倒装句，表示动作正在进行。

　　Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

　　There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

C、在由When,while,before,after,till,once,as soon as,so long as,by the time,if,in case (that),unless,even if,whether,the moment,the minute,the day,the year, immediately等情况引导的时间或条件句中。

　  He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

If I see her tomorrow, I will tell her.

I will let you know as soon as you arrive.

　　When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

　　I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

D、在hope,take care that,make sure that等动词后的从句中。

I hope they have a nice time next week.

　　Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

 

②、现在进行语态代替一般将来时

A、表示”即将发生”、"意图"、"安排"、”打算要做的事”时，常用于人。常用词为 come,go,

start,arrive,leave,stay等。

My mother is having a party tomorrow.

I'm leaving tomorrow.
　  Are you staying here till next week?

　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?

　　We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。

B、有渐变动词时，如get,run,grow,become,begin,die等。

　　He is dying.

比较：

be to do表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

be about+to do表示马上做某事
　　be going to do表示主观的打算、计划或有迹象要发生的事。
　  I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排)
　  I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

The train is to leave.火车将出发。

The train is about to leave.火车正准备离开。

They are about to start.

The problem is to be solved.

Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

 

(3)、一般将来时态与其他语态的常见的组合

一般将来时态的谓语具体有更小的4中“小脸”，它们是一般将来时态与其他几种语态的常见组合。见语法大表2第5组谓语公式。

5-1公式：此“小脸”是“主谓宾”的谓语，由“一般将来助动词”will，shall等后面加上行为动词的“原形式”构成，即”will/shall + do”，表示“将要…..”比如：

These things will happen.

He will come back.

A new student will come tomorrow.

He will tell me about it.

 

5-2公式：此“小脸”是“主系表”里的“是”，表示“将要是…..”，由“一般将来助动词”will、shall等加上系动词的原形式be构成，即”will/shall + be”，比如：

I will be there at five o’clock.

He will be a teacher next year.

He will be back by 8 o’clock.

 

5-3公式：此“小脸”是“一般将来时态”与“进行语态”的组合，表示“将要正在做….”，由“一般将来助动词”will、shall等加上正在助动词be再加上行为动词的“v-ing形式”构成，即”will/shall + be v-ing”，比如：

He will be waiting here tomorrow night.

They will be spending their holiday at the seaside.

He will be teaching us next term.

 

5-4公式：此“小脸”是“一般将来时态”与“被动语态”的组合，表示“将要被做….”，由“一般将来助动词”will、shall等加上正在助动词be再加上行为动词的“v-ed形式”构成，即”will/shall + be v-ed”，比如：

He will be punished.

Many trees will be planted in my yard.

It will be finished tomorrow.