分类：
2008-08-10 21:53:46
8)、表达“让步”的连接词
让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的情况依然会出现。
让步状语从句由as,although,though,whether...or...,even,even if,even though,
”no matter+疑问词”(who,what,where,when,etc),”疑问词+后缀ever”(however,whatever, whenever,wherever,etc)等引导。
(1)、although,though
这两个词意思一样，都解释成“虽然，尽管”。although比though正式。
①、although指事实，多用于句首。多数情况下可与though换用。
Although his illness had prevented him from studying, he managed to pass the exam.
尽管病情妨碍了他学习，但他还是通过了考试。
It was an exciting game, although no goals were scored.
那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。
②、though既指事实，又指设想，可用于句首、句中或句末。
Though(Even though) it’s hard work, I enjoy it.尽管是苦活，但我乐意干。
I haven't checked the information yet, though I think it is correct.
我还没有核实这份资料，但我认为它错不了。
My house, though it is large, is also made of stone and wood.
我的房子虽然大，但是也是用石头和木料建成的。
注意：
A、有时though(但是,然而)还可以用作副词= and yet，放在句子末尾，前面用逗号。
It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though.
(= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.)
那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。
B、although, though不能与but连用，但是可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用。
Although/Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.
尽管他责怪我，但我还是愿意信任他。
Though he was hungry, still he would not eat.
尽管他饿了，但是他仍然不想吃。
(2)、as(conj.虽然)
连词as，同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用特殊语序(具体见P103)。
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
(= Though he is young, he knows a lot.)
他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。
Cold as it is, the children are playing outdoors.
(= Though it is cold, the children are playing outdoors.)
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
(3)、even if, even though
这两个词语气比though,although强，解释为“即使;纵使”，两者常可换用，但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如：
We " ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.
即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。
We stayed at home last Sunday even though it was a fine day.
Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)
即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him. )
尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。
We won't be discouraged even if/though we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
Even if/though you fail, you will have gained experience.
纵使你失败，你也会得到一些经验。
(4)、while(conj.虽然,尽管), whereas(conj. 无论什么情况下)
这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出主句和从句的对比。
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends.尽管我们意见不同，但我们还是朋友。
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉，而有些人讨厌肥肉。
Whereas it is possible, he tries to help.只要有可能,他总是设法帮忙。
(5)、no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) ="no matter +疑问词"
这几个词引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈，表示” “…都…；不论/管…都…”。
This is not true, no matter who says so.不管谁这么说，都不对。
Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说，尽管干。
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
(=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.
(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。
(6)、however, whatever, whenever, wherever="疑问词+后缀ever"
这些词在意思上和用法上都等于no matter how/what...。
Whatever happens/may happen, we shall never lose hope.
无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。(有时从句中的动词与may连用)
Whenever you come, you are welcome.你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。
Whenever I see him I speak to him.每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。
Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way.不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。
Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out.不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。
However much he eats, he never gets fat.无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
However you use it, it won’t break.不管你怎么使用，它都不会破。
注意：“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。
Whatever(=No matter what)you say, I won’t believe you.
(Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。
I’ll eat whatever(≠no matter what)you give me.
(whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。
Whoever comes will be welcome.
(Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。
替换：no matter what = whatever、 no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
(7)、whether...or (not)... 意思是“不论/不管是…还是…，不论是否……”，由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.不管你信不信，这是真的。
Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as planned.
不管天气是好还是坏，他们都要按计划启程。
We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.
不管我们能否找到所需的工具,我们要把这件工作做下去。
提示：可直接用or来连接两个相同结构表示让步。
Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.
无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。
(8)、if
if有时也可用于让步状语从句，相当于even if。
If he is poor, he is at least honest.尽管他穷，但至少他很诚实。
We'll go if it rains.即使下雨我们也要去。
I'll do it if I die in the attempt.即使会丧命我也要试一下。
注意：有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，且从句的主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者从句的主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉。
Look out for cars when crossing the street.
(=...when you are crossing the street.) 过街时当心车辆。
She hurriedly left the room as though angry.
(=...as though she was angry...)她急匆匆地走出屋去，好像很生气的样子。
If possible, I'd like to have two copies of it.
(= If it is possible, ...)可能的话，我想要两本。
She advised me not to say anything unless asked.
(=...unless I was asked.)她劝我别说什么，除非有人要我说。
9)、表达“比较”的连接词
比较状语从句常由as, than等连词引导。
(1)、 as...as, the same..….as(跟...一样)
这两组词用于同等程度的比较。否定句用not so/as...as, not the same...as。
Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.我们的国家同整个欧洲一样大。
The result was not as/so good as I had expected.结果不如我预料的那么好。
She works in the same building as my sister.她和我的妹妹在同一大楼上班。
The two brothers look the same as each other.这兄弟俩长得一样。
(2)、than(conj.比,比较)表示不同程度级的比较。
It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.上海下的雨比北京的多。
He is two inches taller than his father.他比他爸爸高两英寸。
= He is taller than his father by two inches.
注意：在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉，如果把省略部分补上，显得累赘或不合乎习惯。
Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is. 莉莉是一个不如露西那样聪明的女孩
(如说成：Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is clever显得累赘)
The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale. 这孩子歌唱得同夜莺般婉转。
(3)、the more...the more...
这是表示比例的比较，意思是“越…就越…”。第一个the more...也可以看成是一个条件。
The more you read, the better you understand.
(= If you read more, you will understand better.)你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。
The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙越开心。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.
问题越困难，我就越不可能回答。
八、同位语的造句举例
1、同位语的概念
同位语定义：句中若有两个并列放在一起的起同样作用的句子成分，这时后者叫做前者的“同位语”。
同位语从句用于对前面的名词做进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
We，the Chinese people，are the most diligent people.
They two went away.
My friend Tom is a good football player.
2、同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面
同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等后面。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
There is no doubt that we will win.毫无疑问我们会赢的。
