分类：
2008-08-10 21:44:35
比较：the same...as强调“相同”，the same...that注重“同一”。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
(as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物)她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
(that指的是与先行词相同的同一事物)她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
必背：一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。
as is known to all(众所周知)；as has been said before(如前所说)
as is often the case(情况常常如此)；as may be imagined(这可以想像得出)
as has been pointed out(正如已经指出的那样)；as often happens这种情况常常发生
②、but
but做关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于that...not, who...not或which...not。
There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.
我们班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点东西的。
There are very few but are against war.很少人不反对战争。
(6)、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。
①、“介词+关系代词”中介词的位置
关系代词whom, which在从句中做介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间(that, who不可以)，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.
= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.
=The school (which/that) he once worked in is a key school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
②、“介词+关系代词”的常见结构
A、介词+which/whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。
B、名词+of+which/whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.
请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。
C、数词+of+which/whom
She's got three luck pens, two of which she never uses.
她有三支幸运笔，其中两支从未用过。
注意：含有介词的短语动词(如：look for, look after, take care of)一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。
【误】This is the very book for which I am looking.
【正】This is the very book (that) I am looking for.这正是我在找的书。
In our school there are 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.
我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。
D、代词+of+which/whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.
我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
E、最高级+of+which/whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。
F、介词+which+名词
He usually returns home at 10:00, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows.
他通常十点钟回家，这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。
③、关系代词前介词的选择
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
A、根据动词和介词的搭配关系选择。
The things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair.
(feel proud of是固定搭配词组)他们引以为豪的东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。
In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.
(turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组)在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。
B、根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。
I'll never forget the day on which I first met him.
(the day前面一般用介词on)我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。
Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used?
(a situation前面一般用in)你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？
C、有时需同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。
Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky.
(study the sky through the telescope)
伽里略制做了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天空。
Is that the house in which you once lived?
(live in the house)那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？
D、根据所要表达的意思来确定。
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.
这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
(7)、关于定语从句中的主谓一致问题
①、当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.
我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所能来帮你。
The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month.
这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听一次音乐会。
He is one of the boys in our class who speak English well.
他是班上英语说得很好的男生之一。
②、"one of +复数名词+关系代词" 引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.
他是班上惟一英语说得很好的男生。
③、"the
(8)、先行词和关系词二合一
what = the thing which； whatever = anything；who= the person that；
what=all that； whoever= anyone who
Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3)、关系副词引导的定语从句
|
关系副词 |
先行词 |
功能 |
使用范围 |
|
when(=during/in/on which) |
表示时间的名词 |
做时间状语 |
限制性和非限制性定语从句 |
|
where (=in/at which) |
表示地点的名词 |
做地点状语 |
限制性和非限制性定语从句 |
|
why (= for which) |
reason |
做原因状语 |
限制性定语从句 |
(1)、when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why分别在定从中做状语，他们的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
(2)、that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。
His father died the year (that /when /in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that /where /in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
4)、如何辨别从句中的关系代词与关系副词
关系词的选择应依据该词在从句中所做的成分而定，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。辨别方法有二种：
(1)、方法一
用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
分析：习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
(2)、方法二
准确判断先行词在定从中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/副词。
Is this museum the one you visited a few days ago?
→This museum is the one you visited a few days ago.
分析：在句中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词。
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held.
→This is the museum where the exhibition was held.
分析：在句中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。
5)、关系副词和关系代词的选择
遵循标准：所指的先行词是人还是物；定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的；关系词在从句中充当什么句子成分；根据习惯用法而定。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. (when做状语)
I will never forget the days which we spent together. (which做spent的宾语)
I know a place where we can have a picnic. (where做状语)
I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. (which做主语)
(1)、只用who
①、在非限制定语从句中
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
②、先行词是one, anyone, those时
One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be punished.任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
③、在there/here be开头的句子中
Here is a boy who wants to see you.有个男孩想见你。
④、先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时
Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know.
不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道它的人。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是办公室里惟一受到邀请的人。
(2)、只用which/whom
①、在非限制性定语从句中
He left early, which was wise.他早早地离开，那是很明智的。
She is going to marry Tom, whom she does not love.她要嫁给汤姆，可她并不爱他。
②、关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。
He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view.
他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。
Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.
声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。
(3)、只用that
①、当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little,the one等词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。
Everything that they said was true.他们所说的一切都是真的。
He is dead and there's nothing that can be done.他死了，再也没有什么办法了。
There was little that we could do to help her.我们没有什么能帮助她的。
These walls are all that remain of the ancient city.
这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。
注意：something后面可用which引导定语从句。
There is something (which/that) I'd like to tell you.有些事我想告诉你。
②、当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place (that) they visited in
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.
她也许是我所教学生中学习最勤奋的。
③、当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.这正是我要买的语法书。
Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of.美丽是埃米莉惟一能骄傲的东西。
④、当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
A、连接作用－连接先行词和定语从句。
I gave her all the money that I had.
我把我所有的钱都给了她。
B、替代作用－在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
The man who lives next door is a famous teacher. (who替代the man)
住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。
C、成分作用－在定语从句中做主语、宾语、定语或状语。
I like pictures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style. (which在定从做主语)
我喜欢传统的中国画。
⑤、当先行词既有人，又有物时。
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning.
被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
⑥、关系代词在定语从句中做表语时。(there be句型中，只用that)
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。
He is not the man (that) he seems.他这人不可貌相。
注意：不用that的情况
A、在引导非限定性定语从句时。
B、介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
6)、关系代词/副词的省略
在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。
(1)、关系代词that,which,who,whom在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。
Are these the keys (that/which) you were looking for?这是你正在寻找的钥匙吗？
The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.
飞机上坐在我旁边的那个人一直在喋喋不休。
(2)、以the way为先行词的限制性定从通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。
I don't like the way (that/in which) she walks.
我不喜欢她走路的样子。
The way (that/in which) he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
(3)、在the time when,the place where,the reason why结构中，when,where,why可省略。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远不能忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
That's the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country.
那就是他在乡下呆过的地方。
7)、定语从句与强调句型的区别
(1)、强调句型中的it是个引导词，本身没有意义。如果去掉it is/was...that，句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整。定语从句中的it是指示代词，做主句的主语。如果去掉it is/was...that，句子结构不完整，意思也不完整。
It is a question that needs careful consideration. (定语从句)
这是一个需要慎重考虑的问题。
It is novels that she enjoys reading. (强调句型)
(=She enjoys reading novels.)她喜欢阅读的是小说。
(2)、在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句；在定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词或名词短语。
It was because she was ill that we decided to return. (强调句型)
正是因为她生病了，我们才决定回来。
Was it the palace where the last emperor died? (定语从句)这是那位末代皇帝死的宫殿吗？
(3)、有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句，这往往给理解带来一定的难度。解决方法是仔细分析that或who在句中的作用。
It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment.
(that was set up last year是定语从句，that在从句中做主语，并可被which替换)
他们是在去年建造的实验室里完成这个实验的。
It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest.
(who came from our school是定语从句，who在从句中做主语)
是来自我们学校的学生获得了竞赛一等奖。
8)、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
(1)、定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，起限定作用。而同位语从句等同于它所修饰的名词，是名词性的，其功能是对所修饰的名词做补充说明。
It is a fact (that) you can't deny.这是一个你不能否认的事实。 (定语从句)
It is a fact that she has done her best.她尽了最大的努力，这是事实。(同位语从句)
(2)、在定语从句中，that代先行词，在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当某个句子成分，做宾语时可省略。而在同位语从句中，that只起连接主句和从句的作用，无意义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不可省。
The news (that) we heard spread all over the school campus.
我们听到的消息传遍了校园。(定语从句)
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
