分类：
2008-08-10 21:42:32
7、[用零件15表语从句块)担当表语]
表从类似于前面的主从，其连接词相差无几，
The trouble is that I have lost the address.
The fact is that they didn’t tell us the truth.
The problem is that they are short of time.
My question is whether or not he will come.
The question is whether they could help us.
This is what we mean.
1)、可接表语从句的联系动词
可接表语从句的联系动词有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
注意：否定转移
将seem,appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
2)、as,as if/though引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。
3)、because,why引导的表语从句
That's because he didn't understand me. (That's because...强调原因)
那是因为他没有理解我。
That's why he got angry with me. (That's why...强调结果)
那正是他对我生气的原因。
注意：what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason做主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.
我难过的原因是他没有理解我。
六、定语的造句举例
定语，是用来详细“定”一个名词的，它详细解释名词的颜色、大小、属性等特征，它按照“前小后大”的原则跟在一个名词的前面或后面。
1、[用零件4(名词短语块)担当定语]
I think I will have a four-day holiday soon.
The air conditioner works well.
I want to buy some kitchen things.
2、[用零件5(形容词短语块)担当定语]
It is a small town.
Football is a popular sport.
We must catch the early bus.
Only the best team can win the last game.(only的词性，作用？)
单个形容词修饰something，someone，anything，nothing等词时，形容词放在这些词的后面。
Let’s find something different.
3、[用零件7(介词短语块)担当定语]
介短是超过两个单词组成的大定语，按照定语“前小后大”的原则，放在所定的名词的后面。
People in
Building near the school.
The children in Miss Ling’s class.
a small house near the zoo.
4、[用零件9(to v 块)担当定语]
to v短语是超过两个单词组成的大定语，按照定语“前小后大”的原则，放在所定的名词的后面。
the way to do the work.
The time to go to bed.
a person to do this job.
the last to leave the office.
a place to hear music.
5、[用零件10(v-ing 块)担当定语]
v-ing短语是超过两个单词组成的大定语，按照定语“前小后大”的原则，放在所定的名词的后面。
the person speaking English.
the man passing the street.
the man standing over there.
People living in
提示：当做定语的v-ing短语仅剩一个单词时，它相当于一个形容词放在名词前面。
the amazing success.
The pressing matter.
reading room.
following question.
6、[用零件11(v-ed 块)担当定语]
v-ed短语是超过两个单词组成的大定语，按照定语“前小后大”的原则，放在所定的名词的后面。
the person called Miss Ling.
the story mentioned in the book.
the TV made in china.
the paper submitted by Dr.Zhang.
the man loved by a girl.
提示：当做定语的v-ed短语仅剩一个单词时，它相当于一个形容词放在名词前面。
John is a devoted friend.
There were faded flowers in the garden.
Her job was to take care of the wounded people.
7、[用零件14(定语从句块)担当定语]
根据名词的不同，定从可选择不同的连接词(关系代词或关系副词)引出，下面列举部分定从连接词。
关系代词有：
that、which用于大多数普通名词，表示“那个….”,常常省略。
Who用在名词是人时(这个人在从句中当主语)。
Whom用在名词是人时(这个人在从句中当宾语)。
Whose表示“谁的”。
the n of which表示“谁的”
关系副词有：
When用在名词是“day、time”等时间名词时。
Where用在名词是“place”等地点名词时。
Why用在名词是“reason”等原因名词时。
How用在名词是“way、method”等方式名词时。
提示：定从与它所修饰的名词之间有时可用逗号隔开，朗读时要在逗号的地方停顿一下，此时表示两者的关系不太紧密，也可把后者看成是单独的另一句话。
He likes swimming，which is a good exercise.
=He likes swimming,swimming is a good exercise.
Here’s the newspaper，which I want to read.
=Here’s the newspaper，I want to read the newspaper.
He works in a factory，which makes auto parts.
=He works in a factory，the factory makes auto parts.
1)、定语从句的分类(限定和非限定)
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
(1)、限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，书写时不用逗号与先行词分开；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
(2)、当先行词是专有名词(或物主代词和指示代词所修饰)时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理.史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
(3)、非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我非常心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2)、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人(或物)的名词(或代词)，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(1)、whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略，或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whom/who) we like and others (whom/who) we dislike.
(定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others)
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
(非限制性定语从句中一般不用who代替whom)
昨晚我在电话里
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. (whom/that做宾语)
他就是我昨天看见的那个人。
(2)、whose
用来指人或物，(只用做定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
注意：在正式书面英语中，人们常使用of which或of whom代替whose。
A huge amount of oil spilled, the effects of which are still being felt.
(用the effects of which代替whose effects)
大量的原油溢了出来，其后果还在估量之中。
In my class there are 50 students, the backgrounds of whom are different.
(用the backgrounds of whom代替whose backgrounds)
我班有50位学生，他们的背景都不相同。
(3)、which
①、指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
(which在定语从句中做主语，不能省略)英语是一门容易学的语言。
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
(关系代词which做makes的宾语，可以省略)孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。
②、which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
(定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test)
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
(定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party)希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。
③、which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以做定语。
John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
(4)、that
指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语(做宾语时常可省略)。
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
注意：在口语中，that有时还可以做关系副词，相当于when或"介词+which"结构。
We left the day (that) he arrived. (that代替when)他来的那一天，我们就走了。
He doesn't' see things the way (that) we see them. (that代替in which)
他看问题的方法和我们不一样。
(5)、as和but也可做关系代词，引导定语从句。
①、as
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中做主语或宾语。
A、在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。
Such men as heard him were deeply moved.
(as在定语从句中做heard的主语)听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
(as在定语从句中做tell的宾语)我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
(as在定语从句中做lift的宾语)他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。
B、在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
As everyone knows,
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
