33第二章英语句法(十)

二、谓语的造句(略)

谓语只能由18个句子零件中第8个零件“谓语动词短语”来担当，由于谓语动词短语有10大语态变化，组合又比较琐碎复杂，将另辟一章来讲解。

 

三、宾语的造句举例

宾语，是一个人或物或事，是动词后面的名词部分，是动作的承受者。零件1、9、10里都有宾语的位置。

1、[用零件4(名词短语块)担当宾语]

I have a few fiends.

She has finished college.

 

2、[用零件9(to v 块)担当宾语]

to v定式短语常常跟在下列动词的后面处在宾语的位置，afford，ask，choose，desire， demand，decide，determine，expect，fail，hope，manage，plan，promise，refuse， want，wish等

这种现象可以有三种解释方法，并且哪一种解释方法都可以：①、to v短语当前面动词的宾语。②、to v短语是前面动词的状语。③、to v短语与前面的动词合并起来构成组合的谓语动词短语。

I decided to go to Shanghai.

I manage to get out of the room.

He refused to work here.

He asked to stay here.

They choose to go to another place.

I want to leave.

I don’t want to disturb you.

 

3、[用零件10(v-ing 块)担当宾语]

v-ing定式短语常常跟在下列动词的后面处在宾语的位置，insist,resist,stop,avoid,

enjoy,like,keep,mind,give up等

I enjoy listening to the music.

He stopped talking with me.

He likes playing the piano.

The kids love playing on the ground.

I forgot closing the window this morning.

 

4、[用零件13(宾语从句块)担当宾语]

宾从类似于前面的主从，其连接词相差无几，在复合句中用做动词或介词的宾语。

I believe that he is telling the truth.

People thought he was joking.

I don’t know whether they will like the idea.

I knew what was going on around me.

She told us what she had bought.

I don’t know which bus I should take.

Please tell me which book we should choose.

He could foretell when it would rain.

1)、做动词的宾语

He told us (that) he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。
　　Do you know whose dictionary it is? 你知道这是谁的字典吗？
　　He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan.
　　他已经通知我他们将什么时候讨论工作计划。

注意：doubt (怀疑)的肯定句接if/whether引导的宾从，但否定句和疑问句接that引导的宾从。
　  I doubt whether/if he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
　  I do not doubt that he can recite the poem. 我相信他能把这首诗背下来。
　  Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他会获胜吗？

 

2)、做介词的宾语

用whether或疑问词引导的名词性从句可做介词的宾语,但that从句不可做介词的宾语。

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
　　I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。
　　Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
　　你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
　　They were praised or criticized according to how they had done their work.
　　他们受表扬还是受批评是根据他们工作好坏而定的。

注意：

(1)、若遇到介词，且非要使用that从句时，其补救方法如下：

①、介词 + the fact + that从句(从句成了the fact的同位语)

I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.

I was worried about the fact that he does’t study.

 

②、保留介词，但不加the fact，且介词之后的that从句做适当的变化。

第一步：除去that，第二步：that之后的主语变成所有格，第三步：动词变成动名词。

A、从句没有有助动词时。

I am worried about that he plays around all day.(x)

→I am worried about his playing around all day.

B、从句有助动词do,does,did时，去掉即可

I am worried about that he does’t study.(x)()

→I am worried about his not stuying.

C、从句有助动词will,would时，去掉即可，但也可改为be going to，再将be动词转变为动名词being。

I am sure of that the team will win the game.(x)

→I am sure of the team’s winning the game.

→或I am sure of the team’s being going to win the game.

D、从句若有以下助动词时，做如下变化：

may→be likely to，can→be able to，should/must→be supposed to再将be动词变成动名词。

I am happy about that he may come.(x)

→I am happy about that his being likely to come.

I am sure of that he can do it. (x)

→I am sure of his being able to do it.

I am sure of that he should accept Mary’s advice.(x)

→I am sure of his being supposed to accept Mary’s advice.

 

③、be+adj+that从句

也就是去掉介词，将that从句放在形容词后面，使that从句成为副词从句(注：相当于传统语法中的状语从句)，修饰该形容词。

I am worried that he plays around all day.

I am sure of that the team has won the game.(x)

→I am sure that the team has won the game.

以上三种用法中以①、③最为普遍，②是常考的一种句型。

 

(2)、有时介词后面(but,except,in,ect.)也可直接跟that从句，而不需the fact，形成惯用语，同学亦应牢记。

In that=because”因为”；except that”只可惜”；

For all that=with all that=not withstanding that”尽管”

He is great in that he can speak five different languages.

He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
　  他和他的同学们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在阅读上。

I know little about him except that he lives downstairs.
　  我对他知之甚少，只知道他住在楼下。

He is nice except that sometimes he lies.

For all that he is nice，I don’t like him.

Despite the fact that he is nice,I don’t like him.

In spite of the fact that he is nice,I don’t like him.

 

3)、做形容词的宾语(存疑？)

I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。
　　I'm afraid (that) you don't understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
　　I'm surprised (that) I didn't see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前没见过那一切。

 

4)、用it做宾语从句的形式宾语的情况

    (1)、常用it来做形式宾语，把真正的宾从放在句末，这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中。
　　We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
　　He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。

I made it clear that I objected to the proposal.

I think it a shame that we can’t help you.

 

 (2)、因that引导的宾从一般不可直接做介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句做宾语时，必须使用it做形式宾语。
　　You may depend on it that I shall always support you.
　　你可以放心我会永远支持你的。
　　I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately.
　　我保证你的问题会立即得到处理的。

 

(3)、在take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on等动词以及一些表示"爱好"的动词 (enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent(愤恨)等) 之后，形式宾语it可直接跟宾语从句。
　　I take it that he's not interested in the book.我猜想他对这本书不感兴趣。
　　She hid it that she was married.她隐瞒了她已婚的事实。

 

(4)、it不能做由连接代词whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引导的宾语从句的形式宾语。

You may do whatever you will.你可做任何你想做的事。
　　I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
　　We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it.我们乐意帮助任何需要帮助的人。

 

5)、宾语从句的语序

和其他名词性从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。

How can I get to the station? Can you tell me?
　→Can you tell me how I can get to the station? 你能告诉我怎样去车站吗？
　　What does he like? I wonder...
　→I wonder what he likes.我想知道他喜欢什么。
　　Where were you born? He asked...
　→He asked me where I was born.他问我出生的地方。

比较：
　  He asked me what was the matter.他问我出了什么事。(the matter = wrong)
　  He asked me what the matter was.他问我那是什么物质。

 

6)、宾语从句中的时态

    (1)、在一般情况下，宾语从句中时态要和主句相呼应，尤其是主句为过去时态时。
　　He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberation.他说自解放以来他一直住在北京。
　　He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.他明确地说他更喜欢学英语。

(2)、有时，宾语从句中时态也可以和主句不一致。
　　You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.
　　你无法想像他们获得比赛第一名时是多么的兴奋。

(3)、客观真理和自然规律的内容在宾语从句中时态保持不变。
　　Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun.迈克问地球是否绕着太阳转。
　　Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。

 

7)、关于宾语从句中that的省略问题

一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。

(1)、介词后面的that不能省。
　　Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.
　　彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。

     (2)、并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，and前面的that可以省略，and后面的that不能省略。
　　Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
　　大家都会看出所发生的事情，并知道汤姆非常害怕。
　　My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month.我叔叔说他在这儿已工作二十年了，下个月即将退休。

(3)、that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，that不可省略。
　　That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe.我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。

(4)、主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入成份，that不可省略。
　　He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner.
　　他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。

(5)、宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。
　　He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night.
　　他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。

 

8)、宾语从句的否定转移

在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
　　I don't think he can do it better than me.我想他不会干得比我好。
　　I don't believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
　　I don't suppose he cares, does he? 我想他是不会在意的，是吗？

注意：在下列情况下，宾语从句不“否定转移”：
　  A、think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
　  I really expect he won't fail the examination.我真希望他不会不通过考试。
　  I do think that he is not fair.我确实认为他是不公正的。
　  B、think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
　  I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards.我想，也希望他打牌不会做弊。
　  C、think等词作为插入语
　  His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。

D、若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。

　  I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。

    

9)、含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句

(1)、反意疑问句一般与主句一致。
　　He said they were going to help me, didn't he? 他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？
　　She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she?
　　她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？
　　

(2)、当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致，这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。
　　I suppose you're serious, aren't you? 我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用don't I)
　　I don't suppose he's serious, is he?我想他不是当真的，是吗？ (不可用do I)

比较：
　  如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。
　  You don't think we can speak English, do you?你认为我们不会说英语，对吗？
　  He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he?他认为自己找到了正确的答案，是吗？

 

四、补语的造句举例

补语，是在主谓宾、主系表等完整的句型后面做补充的部分，零件1、2、3、9、10、11等多个句子零件都有补语的位置。

1、[用零件4(名词短语块)担当补语]

当一个动词后面带有两个“宾语”时，本书中将第二个宾语解释成补语。

They wish her a happy birthday.

I offered my friend a cup of coffee.

Mark is considered a good officer.

 

2、[用零件5(形容词短语块)担当补语]

We found him ill

She seemed quite happy.

His dream came true.

I have got my ticket ready.

I found myselft unable to answer the question.

下面一些动词后面常跟形容词，seem,get,feel,look,sound,become,appear, prove,

remain,keep,smell,turn,go等，传统语法理论将它们十分勉强地解释成为“系动词”，后跟形容词做标语，而本书中将它们解释成“主语+谓语+补语”，如：

The news sounds true.

Ann appeared ill.

She felt hungry.

I feel puzzled and upset.

The weather is getting warm.

 

3、[用零件7(介词短语块)担当补语]

We found him in trouble.

They put everything in order.

They kept their children in good health.

We found her in better spirits.

We soon got the fire under control.

This placed her in a very difficult position.

 

4、[用零件9(to v 块)担当补语]

I have homework to do.

I have a party to go to.

We support her to accept the job.

The father wished his son to be a doctor.

The room was found to be empty.

He is said to be from New Zealand.

We believe Henry to be reliable.

 

5、[用零件10(v-ing 块)担当补语]

We saw him playing the music.

He was seen going upstairs.

I could hear somebody knocking.

It is no use explaining to her.

This is Miss Zhang speaking.

Would you mind me opening the door?

 

6、[用零件11(v-ed 块)担当补语]

He looked so determined.

We found that bike broken.

The fire is reported contorlled.

He was seen angered at the delay.

I want this job finished by Sunday.

 

7、[用零件14(补语从句块)担当补语](存疑?)

补从类似于前面的主从，其连接词相差无几，

I’m delighted that you are successful.

I’m confident that he’s honest.

I am sure he will come.

She asked the people if the train had gone.

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

 

五、表语的造句举例

表语，是主系表句型里“表语”位置上的部分。

1、[用零件4(名词短语块)担当表语]

The person is my teacher.

He is a great artist.

 

2、[用零件5(形容词短语块)担当表语]

I am glad.

You are so kind to us. (to us的句子成分？)

The fish was over 4 meters long. (over 4 meters修饰long，over的词性？)

 

3、[用零件7(介词短语块)担当表语]

The children are like most children.

This is only between you and me.

I am in trouble now.

I am on the phone.

The problem is under discussion.

 

4、[用零件9(to v 块)担当表语]

Bill’s job is to build tall buildings.

My responsibility is to take care of the children.

His idea is to be a lawyer.

 

5、[用零件10(v-ing 块)担当表语]

Her hoby is collecting stamps.

Traveling is also learning.

       My major sport is swimming.