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2008-08-10 21:39:43
4)、做定语
(1)、单个的v-ing可做前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
①、说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room <= a room which is used for reading>(阅览室)
running shoes <=shoes for running>(跑鞋)
a working method<= a method of working>(工作方法)
a drawing board(画板)；a sewing machine(缝纫机)；a swimming pool( 游泳池)；a waiting room(候车室)；a dining car(餐车)；a driving permit(驾驶许可证)；a singing competition(歌咏比赛)；a walking stick( 手杖)等
②、表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries<= countries that are developing>(发展中国家)
an ordinary-looking house <= a house that looks ordinary>(看起来很普通的房子)
a puzzling problem <= a problem that puzzles somebody>(困扰人的问题)
a barking dog (狂吠的狗)，a disappointing play(令人失望的戏剧)，an astonishing adventure(惊人的冒险)，a sleeping baby(熟睡的婴儿)，boiling water(正在沸腾的水)，failing sight (逐渐衰退的视力)，the setting sun (落日)，the coming week (下一周)等
(2)、v-ing短语做定语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。
They lived in a house facing south.他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
The book being discussed a lot will be published next month.
人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。
提示：某些情况下，v-ing短语不能用来做定语，必须使用定语从句。
A、做定语的v-ing短语表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
昨天来的教授将要给我们做一个讲座。
B、v-ing短语的完成式一般只用来做状语，不做定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
5)、做状语
v-ing短语可以做状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。
v-ing短语做时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；做结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
(1)、表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
(= When she saw those pictures...) 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
(= After we have made full preparations...)我们已经做好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。
(2)、表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.
(= As I don't know his address...)因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
(= Since he was ill...)由于生病，他昨天没有上学。
(3)、表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
(= ... and left him a lot of money)他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
(= ... and broke it into pieces...)她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。
(4)、表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.
(= If you go straight down the road...)顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
(=If you work hard at your lessons...)如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。
(5)、表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
(= Although they knew all this...)尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.
(= Though he worked hard as he did...)他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。
(6)、 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
(= ...and stared at the sky for a long time)他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
十一、零件11：v-ed 定式短语
零件11公式：v-ed
此零件后面一般要跟接补语或状语，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中可做表语、定语、状语和补语补足语。及物动词v-ed短语一般有被动的意思，不及物动词只可表示完成的动作。
the man called John.
the device painted red
the device damaged badly
the students arranged to go to school
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.(条件句，表推测。)
要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。 (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
(宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)
你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.
在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
an escaped prisoner= a prisoner who has escaped逃犯
a retired worker= a worker who has retired退休工人
a newly arrived guest= a guest who has just arrived新来的客人
We should bring in(adv) advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People should pay attention to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
1)、做表语
The students are fully prepared学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed.我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.
她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained unexploited.这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed.听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.
山顶上终年被积雪覆盖。
比较：
A、区别v-ed形式做表语和被动语态的情况
做表语的v-ed表示主语的状态，被动语态表示被动动作。
All the doors are locked.所有的门都是锁着的。(v-ed做表,表状态)
All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。(被动,表动作)
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。(v-ed做表,表状态)
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。(被动,表动作)
B、区别同一动词的v-ed与v-ing做表语的情况
v-ed做表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而v-ing做表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
动词原形 v-ing v –ed
amuse使发笑 amusing引人发笑的;(有趣的,好玩的) amused 愉快的;顽皮的
encourage使鼓舞 encouraging 鼓励的;赞助的;促进的 encouraged受到鼓舞的
disappoint使失望 disappointing令人失望的 disappointed失望的
excite使激动 exciting使人激动的 excited 激动的
puzzle使迷惑 puzzling迷惑人的 puzzled迷惑的
satisfy 使满意 satisfying令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的
worry使烦恼 worrying令人烦恼的 worried烦恼的
tire 使疲倦 tiring 引起疲劳的 tired疲劳的
please使喜欢 pleasing令人愉快的 pleased高兴的
astonish使惊讶 astonishing令人惊讶的 astonished惊讶的
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved
看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：上述v-ed形式，有的(如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等)已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的(如amused, puzzled, relaxed等)还不能被very, too修饰只能被much修饰。
These problems are very puzzling.这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving.他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears.在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
2)、做宾语补足语
当做宾补的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用v-ed短语做宾补。
(1)、在感观动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后做宾补。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.
昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
(2)、动词get后也可接to v短语或v-ing短语做宾补，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again? 你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？
(3)、在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后做宾补。
①、v-ed短语式做get的宾语补足语。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
②、v-ed短语做make的宾补。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You should make your views known to the public.你应该让公众知道你的观点。
③、v-ed短语做keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.
侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。
④、使役动词have后既可接v-ed短语，也可接to v短语和v-ing短语做宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。
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Have...do(=v) |
to v短语的动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事。 I'm going to have the teacher answer this question after class. 我打算课 |
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Have...v-ing |
A、让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。 He had the car waiting outside.他让小汽车在外面等着。 |
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B、常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。 We won't have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。 | |
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Have...v-ed |
A、宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。 Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理的发？ |
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B、表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。 The house had its roof blown off.房子的屋顶被吹掉了。 | |
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C、完成某事(自己也可能参与)。 He has had one thousand yuan saved.他已存了1000元。 | |
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D、否定式表示“不允许”。 | |
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I won't have anything said against her.我不允许别人说反对她的话。 |
(4)、某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，做宾语补足语的to v短语的被动形式省略"to be"，就成了v-ed短语做宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday.我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
