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2008-08-10 21:36:39
5、辨别”介词to与to v短语符号to”
to既可以是to v短语的符号，后接动词原形，也可以是介词，后接名词或v-ing形式。
1)、常见的带to v短语的短语：
be supposed to do(应该做某事)，be determined to do(决心要做某事)，fail to do(未能做某事)，go all out to do(全力以赴做某事)，have the nerve to do(有胆量做某事)，have a great mind to do(很想做某事)，make up one's mind to do(决定做某事)，make a point to do(坚持做某事)，prepare oneself to do(有思想准备做某事)，take the trouble to do(不辞辛苦地做某事)等
2)、常见的带介词to的短语：
be used to(习惯)，be related to(与……有关)，get down to(着手做)，be given to(沉溺于)，put one's mind to( 全神贯注于)，give rise to(引起)，be equal to(胜任)，devote oneself to(献身于)，lead to(导致)，be opposed to(反对)，look forward to(盼望)，object to(反对)，stick to (坚持)，pay attention to(注意)等
十、零件10：V-ing 定式短语
零件10公式：V-ing (宾)
此零件后面可跟自己的宾语、状语、补语，一般在句中可做主宾表定状补。
1、v-ing短语的句法功能
1)、做主语(通常用以表示已知的事实或经验)
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Learning about a language is easier than using it.
学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family.
被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。
用it做v-ing短语的形式主语
(1)、为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it做形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.
制订计划很容易，实施它却很难。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.做无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it.争论这事是浪费时间。
I found it pleasant talking to her.
(2)、v-ing短语做主语的几个常用句型。
It is no use + v-ing短语
=it is useless + to v短语
=it is of no use + to v短语
=There is no use/sense/point +in + v-ing短语
It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收
=It is useless to cry over spilt milk.
=It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.
=There is no use in crying spilt milk.
It is no use asking him for help.
It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It's worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
It is useless to telephone him,he is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
There is no saying(n.话,言语; 俗话,成语,格言) when it will stop raining.
无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
2)、做表语
(1)、表示主语的内容
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.
她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the students.
真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(2)、表示主语具有的特征
The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令困惑。
It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world.看到了世界上其他地方找不到的动植物真是令人惊讶。
The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。
3)、做宾语 (既可做及物动词(vt)的宾语，也可做介词的宾语)
(1)、做及物动词(vt)的宾语
能用v-ing短语做宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用v-ing短语做宾语，另一类
是既可用v-ing短语做宾语，也可用to v短语做宾语。
①、只能用v-ing短语做宾语的动词
admit(承认)，appreciate(感激,赞赏)，avoid(避免)，complete(完成)，consider(考虑,认为)，deny (否认)，detest (讨厌)，delay(耽搁)，dislike(嫌恶)，enjoy(喜欢)，escape(避免,逃脱)，excuse(原谅)，endure(忍受)，fancy(想不到,想象)，feel like(意欲)，finish(完成)，forgive(原谅,宽恕)，face(面对)，give up(放弃)，include(包括)，imagine(想象,设想)，keep(保持,继续)，mind(介意)，mention(提及)，miss(想念,逃过)，practice(练习,训练)，put off(推迟)，prevent(阻止)，postpone( 推迟)，resist(抵制)，risk(冒险)，recall(回忆)，resent(怨/愤恨,憎恶)，resume(再继续)，stand(忍受)，suggest(建议)，understand (理解)等
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了！
I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
They admitted smoking(=having smoked) in the hall.他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。
I regret saying(=having said) those works.我很后悔自己说过的话。
He couldn't help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you.
我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
注意：
A、可接v-ing短语的词组
admit to(承认)，be afraid of(害怕)，be capable of(有能力,有才能)，be fond of(喜爱)，be proud of(自豪)，be successful in(成功)，be tired of(疲劳)，be used to(常做)，burst out(出故障)，busy(忙于)，can't help(不禁)，count on/upon(依赖,指望)，devote oneself to(献身于)，give up(放弃)，be good at(善于做)，hold off(克服,战胜)，insist on(坚持),It's worth…(某事值得被做)，keep on(继续,重复)，lead to(带领)，look forward to
B、worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。
a、worth：be worth + n；当名词为金钱时，表示"…值得…"
be worth doing sth；"某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
b、worthy：be worthy of +n；名词为抽象名词时表示"…值得…"
be worthy to be done；"某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
c、worth-while：be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while：It is worth while sb to do sth.
It is worth while doing sth.
②、既可用v-ing短语做宾语，也可用to v短语做宾语
这类动词虽可跟v-ing短语和to v短语做宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：
A、有些动词，如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等，后面接v-ing短语或to v短语时区别不是很大。
They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in
他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。
I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary.我想买一本英汉词典。
B、有些动词或词组后可带v-ing短语或to v短语做宾语，但意义上有所不同。
come+ to v表示一个渐渐发展的过程
come+ to v-ing表示陪衬性的动作
I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another.
我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解。
It was already two o'clock when she came hurrying in.
她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。
stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事
stop doing停止正在做的事
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.
工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。
When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking.
教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)
She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service.
她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)
I'll never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.
我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。
He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
remember to do讲的是将来要做的事，表示“不要忘记” (未做)
remember doing讲的是过去做过的事，表示“记起来”(已做)
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。
I remember posting that letter.我记得寄了那封信。
