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2008-08-10 21:35:31
5)、做状语
to v短语做状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
(1)、目的状语
I'm saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。
To save the child, he laid down his life.为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。
提示：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do, 和so as (not) to do结构 (so(such) as to do如此…以便…，不可以置于句首)，only to (仅仅为了)。
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。
I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.
我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。
In order to make a study of the kangaroo，he came to Australia.
We left early in order to get there on time.
I called him often so as to keep contact with him.
成语：“so kind as to + v”劳驾…
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
(2)、做结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
He got to the station only to find (that)the train had gone.
他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。
What have I said to make you so angry? 我说了什么话使你气成这样？
After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again.
散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。
He searched the room only to find nothing.
必背：to v短语表示结果常见句型
①、so as to do
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗？
②、such...as to do
We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。
③、 enough to do
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。
④、only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。
⑤、too...to do
A、表示“过于…以至于不能……”
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.他的视力太差了,看不清这么小的字.
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
B、如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后面那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。
C、当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：”非常… “，等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
注意：too...to...结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，to v短语不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。
The boy was too eager to get a geography book.
那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
(3)、原因状语
I'm glad to see you.
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.我当时不听你的话，真傻。
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation.看到他处于这么困难的境况，她哭了。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on .
注释：当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+to v短语"结构的末尾，并分两种情况：
①、一是句子的主语是to v短语的逻辑主语
这类形容词有表感情或情绪afraid,angry,anxious,content(满意/足的),cruel(残酷/暴的), determined,disappointed(失望的),eager,foolish,fortunate(幸运的),frightened,happy,glad,
impatient,lucky,naughty,proud,shocked(惊/震讶的),slow,sorry,surprised,willing(乐/自意的) 等。和表示能力和意志able,careful,clever,prepared(准备好的),ready, sure,certain等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下。
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.
她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job. 约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
②、二是句子的主语是to v短语的逻辑宾语。
这类形容词有cheap,dangerous,difficult,easy,expensive,fit(合适的),funny,hard,
impossible,interesting,nice,pleasant,strange,simple,useful等。
This problem is easy to solve.这个问题很容易解决。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。
She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。
提示：这种结构中，如果to v短语中的动词是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
4)、条件状语
A man would be blind not to see that.一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。
How can you catch the train to start so late? 这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？
6)、做宾语补足语
“动词+宾语+to v(=to do)”在这一句型中，宾语是to v短语的逻辑主语。
(1)、在表示感观的动词后做宾语补足语，并且to v短语都不带to。
这类动词有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。
I heard them sing yesterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。
Did you see him go out? 你看见他出去了吗？
I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
注意：转为被动语态时，原不带to的to v短语要变成带to的to v短语 (notice和watch没有被动语态)。
We saw the car stop. →The car was seen to stop.我们看见这辆车停了下来。
(2)、在使役动词后做宾语补足语，to v短语不带to。
这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的to v短语(have没有被动语态)。
What would you have me do? 你要我做什么？
She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。
必背：有些动词跟to v短语做宾语补足语时省去了to，在被动语态中则to不能省掉。这些动词有：一感二听三让四观看。
一感：smell, feel等
二听：hear, listen to等
三让：let, have, make,bid(告诉<某人做某事>,吩咐)等
四观看：observe, see, watch, look at,notice,hear,等
(3)、在表示心理状态的动词后做宾语补足语。
这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find(发觉), imagine, judge, suppose(设想,假设), prove等。这类动词后的to v短语通常是"to be+形容词或名词"结构，think, consider, find后的”to be”常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。
He proved that theory (to be) very important.他证明那个理论是很重要的。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
(4)、在表示情感状态的动词后做宾语补足语。
这类动词有：expect, hate, love, like, prefer, want, wish等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。
I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。
注意：
①、hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接to v短语做宾语补足语。
【误】I hope you to give me a hand.
【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。
【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。
【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting.
【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。
【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。
【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。
【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.
②、在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果较长的”to v短语”结构做宾语且带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it做形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.
我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。
She made it a rule to get up at 5:00.她养成了五点起床的习惯。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
She found it difficult to answer the question.
He feels it his duty to help others.
这些带介词的短语动词有: arrange for(安排),call on(号召), depend on(依靠),long for
(盼望), rely on(依赖),wait for(等待)等
I'm waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.
他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。
The UN has called on both sides to observe the cease fire.
联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。
2、to v短语的复合结构
to v短语的逻辑主语(即to v短语动作的执行者)通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果to v短语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用"for + 名词(代词)+ to v"来构成to v短语的复合结构，这种复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.这个箱子让这个小男孩来搬太重了。
That's for you to decide.那个由你来决定。
He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一边让我通过。
I have some books for you to read.我有几本书送给你读。
3、可省”to v短语”结构中符号”to”的情况汇总
1)、能愿助动词 (除ought to外)后接”to v短语”结构时，省略to。
2)、使役动词 let, have, make，bid等后跟”to v短语”结构做宾补时，省略to。
3)、感观动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find等后跟”to v短语”结构做宾补，省略to。
提示：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
4)、would rather,would rather...than,had better,had best,would sooner,would sooner..than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构。
You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion.你最好听一听老师的意见。
We had best call for the doctor at once.我们最好马上就请医生来。
She can't do anything but ask silly questions.她什么都不会做,除了问一些愚蠢的问题。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。
He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon.他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。
We cannot help but admire his courage.我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。
5)、Why… / why not…表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不…?" "干吗不…?"。
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
6)、help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7)、如果to v短语前有行为动词do，那么在表语中的to v短语或者介词except/but之后的to v短语可不带to。
The only thing I could do was go home.我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。
They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
除了等待医生的到来，他们什么都不能做。
8)、由and,but,or和than连接的两个to v短语，第二个to可以省去。
The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
举例：He wants to move to
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
9)、通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等表心理状态的词后有”to v+形/名”结构做宾补时，可省略to be。
He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。
必背：to tell you the truth(说老实话)，to begin with(首先)，to say nothing of(姑且不说)，so to speak(可以这么说)，to be sure(诚然，固然)，to be exact(精确地说)，to do him justice(说句对他公道的话)，to make a long story short(长话短说)，to be frank(坦率地说)，to be brief(简言之)，to conclude(总而言之)等
4、用主动式表示被动含义的to v短语
to v短语在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情况：
(1)、to v短语做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。
Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个与其合做起来令人感到愉快的人。
(2)、to v短语做形容词的状语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。
The book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。
The chair is comfortable to sit on.这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
(3)、There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
There is nothing to fear.没有什么可害怕的。
比较：
There is a lot of work to do.有许多事情要做。(表示某人必须做这工作)
There is a lot of work to be done.有许多事情要做。(强调有许多事情必须做)
She has two letters to type.她有两封信要打。(自己打)
She has two letters to be typed.她有两封信要打。(别人打)
