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2008-08-10 21:34:19

第五节  英语的18个句子零件

一、根零件1:主谓宾零件

零件1公式:主语 + 谓语 + (宾语),在此根零件前加上连接词就可做主宾表定状补从句。

 

二、根零件2:主系表零件

零件2公式2主语 + 系动词 + 表语,在此根零件前加上连接词就可做主宾表定状补从句。

 

三、根零件3there be零件

零件3公式:there be + 零件4(名词短语),在此根零件前加上连接词就可做主宾表定状补从句。

注意:

以上三个根零件为句子的基本句型,造句时首先要选定一句型,其他修饰部分再细化,填充。

 

四、零件4:名词短语零件

零件4公式:n(adj+nn+nn+of+nn’s nthe+adj,。。。。。)

此零件一般用来担当主、宾、表、定、补语。

Billdaymineshebookgood planEnglish bookmap of Chinathe name of the boymy father’s jobJohn’s ideathe students’s booksthe old(老人)the right(右边的<那个东西>)the rich(有钱人)

 

五、零件5:形容词短语零件

零件5公式:adj(adj-eradj-estadv+adj,名词组+adj,。。。。。。)

此零件一般用来担当定语、表语。

redvery goodmore populartwo years old(名词组做形容词的状语)three meters longtwo stories highfour feet long

 

六、零件6:副词短语零件

零件6公式:adv(adv-eradv-estadv+adv,名词组+adv(名词组做副词的状语),副词组,。。。。)

此零件一般用来担当状语。

pretty soon(非常快)very wellthree years agotwo days latera while laterfour weeks agomiles away

 

时间、地点等名词反串儿当副词用,构成副词短语,表达动作发生的时间地点等。

todayyesterdaytomorrowtonightherethereanywherelast daynowupstairsafterwards(后来)abroad(在国外)

 

固定搭配并有固定意思的副词短语零件。

all day long(全天)all of a sudden(突然)more often than not(经常)not at all(一点也不)once upon a time(很久以前)right away(立即)straight away(立即,马上)

七、零件7:介词短语零件                                               

零件7公式:介词+零件4、介词+零件10、介词+零件13

     此零件可在句中担当主表定状补成分。

介词+零件4in the schoolduring the timein Americawithin two miles

介词+零件10in studying Englishby combining themin drinking the beer.

介词+零件13They are talking about who will come today.

                   I’m surprised at what she said.

              Don’t be worried about how we do it. (做宾语还是状语?)

注意:

汉语介词和英语介词的区别

汉语介词和英语介词一样,也是用来与名词一起组建介词短语,但英语里的介词一律前置,即一律在名词的前面,而汉语里介词却可以在名词的前面、后面、两边。

汉语的前后式介词:如:…..…..….….,它们像括号一样一边一个汉字,中间塞进一个名词后就组成了一个汉语的介词短语。

汉语的前介词:如:为了和平向着北方面向南方通过讨论

汉语的后介词解放前屋子里屋子外等等。

汉语的介词与英语的介词除位置不同以外,还有数量的不同。即英语介词少而短,汉语多且在句中难以识别。

 

八、零件8:谓语动词短语零件

零件8公式:将来、能愿+完成+正在、被助动词+动词+(介词)

动词与介词的固定搭配:

agree with(同意)break out(爆发)break through(突破)call on(拜访)catch up with(赶上)get along with(同意)get over(克服)go out of(走出)hurry up(加快)join in(加入)knock down(打掉、敲掉)lag behind(落后)look down on(轻视)look forward to(盼望)look into(调查)put up(投宿)run into(碰上)slow down(放慢)stand by(支持)stand for(代表)take off(起飞)take up(占据)talk….to(….交谈)

 

非谓语动词短语零件9-11

九、零件9to v定式短语

零件9公式:to + v ()

定式,就是不变样的意思,一般在句中可做主表宾定状补。

1to v短语的句法功能

1)、做主语(通常表示一种意愿、目的或未完成的事)

to v短语作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)、把不定式置于句首。                                        

To know oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明。

To say is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事,做又是另一回事。
  To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
  爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。

 

(2)、用itto v短语的形式主语

It be + adj/n + to v……(9)

在很多情况下,人们通常用it为形式上的主语,而把to v短语移到谓语之后,使句子结构显得平稳一些。
  It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
  背对着老师,拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。

  It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.
  想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。

  It is difficlult to do the work.

It is nice to be here.

It’s a pleasure to show you around.

It is a very kind of you to help me.

 

②、Itbeadjfor sbto v.Itbeadjof sbto v.

Afor sb. 表示做某事对某人来说怎么样。常用描述事物客观情况的形容词,如:better, difficult,comfortable,easy,hard(艰难的),important,impossible,interesting,necessary,not enough, pleasant(舒适的),possible,reasonable,too little,too much等。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
   当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。

  It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

It is easy for me to see through his trick.

=For me to see through his trick is easy.我很容易看穿他的鬼把戏。
  It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.他很难改掉自己的坏习惯。

 

Bof sb. 表示某人(做某事)怎么样。常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词。如:nice(友好的),bad,bold(大胆自信的),brave,careless,clever(聪明的),considerate(考虑周到的),foolish,good(好的),honest,impolite,kind(友善的),lazy(懒惰的),naughty,right(正确的),rude,selfish(自私的),sensible(理智的,),silly(愚蠢的),stupid,thoughtful(深思的,体贴的),thoughtless,unwise(轻率的,不明智的),wrong

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.

他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
  It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。

It's kind of you to think so much of us.
  =You are kind to think so much of us.难为你这么为我们着想。

How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase!
  他真不小心,竟把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。

  注意:

a、辨别for of 的方法:用介词后面的代词做主语,用介词前边的形容词做表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
   You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)
   He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for)

b其他系动词如,lookappear等也可用于此句型

  cto v短语作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。 

d”to v短语前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。此句式有时相当于”Sb isadjto v”句式。

It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.

e、当to v短语作主语且又有一to v短语作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型。

  ()To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。  ()It is to believe to see.

It seems(appears….)adjto v

It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪费了这么多时间,真是遗憾。

It takes sb+some time+to v

It took me 2 months to write.

How long did it take you to finish the work?             

 

2)、做宾语

to v短语可以充当部分及物动词(vt)的宾语,也可以充当butexcept等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语(?)
    (1)充当部分及物动词的宾语。

remember(记起)afford(负担得起)agree(同意)aim(为目标)appear(看来,显得,似乎)arrange(安排)ask (要求)attempt(尝试)bebegin (开始)bother(打扰,麻烦)care(喜爱)choose (决定)come(出现)continue(继续)daredecide(决定)demand(要求)desire(要求)determine(决心)elect(挑选)endeavor(努力,尽力,竭力)expect(期待)fail(未能)forget (忘记)happen(碰巧发生)hate(不愿)helphesitate(犹豫)hope(希望)intend(打算)learn(学习)long(渴望)manage(设法)mean(打算)offer( 表示愿意)plan(计划)prefer(宁愿)prepare(准备)pretend(假装)promise(答应)refuse(拒绝)seem(好像,看来)tend(照料,照看)try(努力)undertake(承担,从事)waitwant(想要)wish(希望)

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

Father likes to listen to music in silence.

He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg.

 

提示:疑问词+ to v短语结构也可充当consider,decide,explain,find out(找出),forget, hear,know,learn,remember,see,show, tell,understand,wonder等词的宾语。(疑问代词一定做to v短语中动词或介词的宾语,疑问副词则不)

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。(做宾补)

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

 

注意:疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, whyto v短语在句中做主语、宾语和表语成分时,谓语动词用单数。

The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

  I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not.我不知道要不要去开会。
The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers.

问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。
When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet.

何时参观故宫博物馆还没有决定。

 

(2)、做介词的宾语

to v短语可以做介词butexcept的宾语。
  The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.
  老师除了叫他努力学习外,未做任何评价。

  He had no choice but to sit there as usual.他没有什么选择,只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
  There is nothing we can do but wait patiently.我们只能耐心等待。

 

3)、做表语

“be+ to v短语结构,可表示下列内容:
   (1)、表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
  He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
  We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
  说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
   (2)、表示命令,例如:
  You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
   (3)、征求意见,例如:
  How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
  Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
   (4)、表示相约、商定,例如:
  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 

我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

比较:be to do表计划、安排将要发生的动作;

be about to do表最近即将要发生的动作;
   Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year.

明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。
   The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back.
   经理正要离开时,他的秘书叫住了他。

 

4)、做定语

to v短语做定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。

(1)、主谓关系
  The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。
  He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
  他总是第一个来最后一个离开。

  The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。

 

(2)、动宾关系
  On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天,他总是有许多信要写。
  The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。
  He can find no one to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。

注意:

由于to v短语与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,因此,如果该to v短语的动词是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。
   She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。
   There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
   He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。
   I've got a lot of things to see to this morning.

今天上午我有许多事情要处理。

 

(3)、同位关系

He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
  他没有遵守定期给他父母亲写信的诺言。

  We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.

我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
  I have no wish to quarrel with you.我不想和你吵架。

 

(4)、修饰关系

Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。
  I need somewhere to take a nap.我需要一个地方打个盹。
  Is that the way to open the can?那就是打开罐头的方法吗?

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