分类：
2008-08-10 21:33:26
第四节 句子的种类
一、按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1、陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2、疑问句：提出问题。有以下四种：
1)、一般疑问句
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
2)、特殊疑问句
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？
3)、选择疑问句
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
4)、反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？
(1)、陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用“aren't I”。
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
(2)、陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用“may +主语”。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
(3)、陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he/she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
(4)、含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用“shouldn't/oughtn't +主语”。
He ought to know what to do，oughtn't he?/shouldn't he?
(5)、陈述部分有have/had to +v.，疑问部分常用“don't/didn't +主语”。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
(6)、陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用“didn't/usedn't +主语”。
He used to take pictures there, didn't/usedn't he?
(7)、陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用“hadn't you?”。
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
(8)、陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用“wouldn't +主语”。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
(9)、陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用“wouldn't +主语”。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
(10)、陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。(表推测和义务)
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't/didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
(11)、感叹句中，疑问部分用“be +主语”。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
(12)、陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
(13)、陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
(14)、陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
①、并列复合句的疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to
②、带有定语从句的复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
③、上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等词引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
(15)、陈述部分主语是指人的不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
(16)、带能愿助动词dare或need的否定陈述部分，其疑问部分常用“need/dare+主语”。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
提示：当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词“do + 主语”。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
(17)、省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用“will you“。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
提示：
Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
(18)、陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用“there,而省略主语代词”。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
(19)、否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
(20)、must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
3、祈使句：提出请求，建议，劝告或发出命令等。
祈使句两种类型：
1)、一种是以动词原形开头，或在be动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Take this seat.
Do be careful.
否定结构：
Don't move.
Don't be late.
2)、第二种祈使句以let开头。
(1)、Let's 包括说话者
Let's have another try,shall/shan't we?
= Shall we have another try?
(2)、Let us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try,will/won't you?
= Will you please let us have another try?
否定结构：
Let's not talk of that matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
4、感叹句：感叹句通常有what, how引导，均译成”多么的”或“好(个)…..”，表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。
what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
1)、How+形容词或副词+(主语+be动词)陈述语序！多么…..呀！
How lovely the baby is!
2)、How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
3)、What+词+(主语+be动词)陈述语序！好(个)……呀！
What noise they are making!
4)、What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序
What a clever boy he is!
感叹句的省略形式为：What a clever boy (he is)!
5)、What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
感叹句的省略形式为：What good news (it is)! 多好的消息啊！
6)、What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序
What cold weather it is!
5、局部强调句
由it做主语时的主系表块后面连接残句块18组成，用来表达“正是…”或“就是….”， 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。
其常见形式为：
It be + 句子局部 + that(who、whom) + 剩余句子….
It was only at this time that he realized he had made a mistake.
It was at this place that they built their new home.
It is for the children that they built the school.
It was Ken who met her yesterday.
It was blue that we painted the house.
It’s my fault that caused our failure.
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
举例：
原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语：It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语：It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间：It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.
(注意不用when)
强调地点：It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
二、句子按其结构可以分为简单句、并列句、复合句
1、简单句：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。
She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。
2、并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3、复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。
