24第二章英语句法(一)

第二章  英语句法

第一节  句子的6大成分

无论什么句子都由“三个主要部分”(主谓宾)和“三个修饰部分”(定状补：对主谓宾三大句子成分进行“装修”)组成。

主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语

主语：是一个人或物或事，是谓语动作的执行者。

谓语：是一个动作，是主语执行的动作。

宾语：是一个人或物或事，是谓语动作的承受者。

定语：定语的”定”字，就是“确定”和“限定”的意思，用来解释句子中一个中心名词。

状语：状语的“状”字，就是“状况”的意思，它详细交代一个动作的细节状况。

          状语，就是动作发生的8个方面：

          时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度

注意：表达时间、地点、方式的状语也可不带有“地”字。

补语：跟在主谓宾的后面，对整个句子进行详细补充。

表语：即“表述”的意思，即对主语进行表达和描述。(主系表结构中使用)

 

第二节  担当6大句子成分

主语：由具有名词性质的词、短语、从句来担当。

谓语：由动词来担当。

宾语：由具有名词性质的词、短语、从句等来担当。

定语：由具有形容词和名词性的词、短语、从句等来担当。

状语：由具有副词性质的词、短语、从句等来担当。

补语：由具有形容词和名词性的词、短语、从句等来担当。

表语：由具有形容词和名词性的词、短语、从句等来担当。

注意：语言里还有较复杂的构造，即用“动词”(三个非谓语动词)和“句子”(主宾表定状补从句)来担当6(主宾表定状补)大句子成分。

 

第三节  句子6大成分的排列位置

一、主谓宾的排列及英语的基本句型

1、主谓宾交代“谁做了什么事”，同时也构造了英语最基本的的句型：

主谓宾句型：主语+谓语+宾语

注意：主谓宾句型中有时也可没有宾语，仅有主宾。例如：

The visitors have arrived.   

They are swimming.

We stopped.               

He ran away.

 

2、主系表句型，即：

主语+联系动词+表语

3、另一种特殊的主系表，可表达“有……”的意思。

there be句型：there be+名词短语

注意：英语里”there be 句型’的后面一般要跟表达位置的介词短语。

There is a computer on the table.

There is some butter on the plate.

 

二、定状补的安放及句子的修饰

1、定语有“前小后大”的安放规则

由一个单词组成的定语(如一个形容词、一个名词)叫“小定语”，它一般安放在所要修饰的中心名词的前面(也叫“前定语”)；由两个以上单词组成的定语(如介词短语、定语从句)叫“大定语”，它一般安放在所要解释的中心名词的后面(也叫“后定语”)。

This is an interesting English book about china that I bought yesterday。

I saw a tall person in black suit who was about 40 years old。

英语定语、状语的安装方法符合英语“主题在先，补充在后”的造句原则。它是指句子在表达时，一般将重要的内容放在前面，补充修饰的内容放在后面。

 

2、状语有“两头偏后”的安放规则

英语状语也分“小状语”和“大状语”两种：小状语就是一个副词，如very，quickly。大状语由两个以上的单词组成，如介词短语in this school。

安装方法：1)、大状语句子两头偏后，前分后不分(指用不用逗号分隔)；

2)、单个副词在句子中位置随意(此时“状“的是动词或动词短语)；

3)、单个副词修饰单个词(如形容词、副词、介词、连词)时前置；

注意：单个副词可状除名词以外的所有词，并且一般一律放在它所修饰的词的前面。

例如：Factories and buildings are seen here and there.

      Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of rain.

      I will tell you something to do if you have nothing to do

      I talk with him patiently. = I talk patiently with him.

      to solve the problem quickly. = to quickly solve the problem.

      I am very happy.             He runs very fast.

      I study just in this school.      He studies here just because he lives here.

 

3、补语有“一般在后”的安放规则

1)、主谓宾后带补语：They wish her a happy birthday.

2)、主系表后带补语：I am very happy that you come here today. (做状语？)

3)、主谓后带补语，下面的动词常带形容词当补语，seem(似乎)，feel(感觉)，get(变得)，keep(保持)，remain(仍然)，appear(似乎)，look(看起来)，sound(听起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(吃起来)，prove(表明是)，stay(保持)，lie(处于)，stand(处于)等。(在传统语法概念中，这些词被看作系动词，后面的形容词做表语。)

It tastes good.；You look fine.；I feel cold.；I gets dark.；Ann appeared ill.；

She seemed quite happy.；The news sounds true.等

4)、短语后带补语：(结合P176关于独立主格学习)

with her eyes open.；  with her mouth shouting.

5)、插入式补语：All the things there, food, clothes, jewelry, toys, are cheap.

6)、前补语：Three times，I called him.

                                

4、补语与状语的区别

最重要的概念：去掉状语后，句子仍然完整，仍像一句话，而去掉了补语后，句子就好像说了“半截话”，好像还有要讲的话没讲完。

We give her a gift.     We call him a weird person.

 

三、打破常规的排列—倒装

1、倒装的概念

当句子的某个部分十分重要时，有时为了强调它的重要，就会先说出这个部分，使它位于句首，这样就会打乱句子的一般排列次序，这种情况叫“倒装”。

Covering the majority of the earth’s surface is water.

Said in the book is a little boy.

Around the lake are a number of farms.

 

2、倒装的分类

1)、全部倒装

全部倒装是将句子中的整个谓语动词(是整个谓语动词，而非助动词)全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时态和一般过去时态的句中。常见的结构有：
    (1)、here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首, 谓语为be,come,go,lie,run等系动词。
　　There goes the bell.
　　Then came the chairman.
　　Here is your letter.　 

(2)、表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语为表示运动的动词。
　　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
　　Ahead sat an old woman.
　  注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
　　Here he comes.

Away they went.

 

2)、部分倒装
　  部分倒装是指只将谓语的一部分(如助动词或将来、能愿助动词)放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。(注意：之所以说是谓语的一部分，是因为谓语部分的助动词可由至少三种助动词共同构成。见P183)。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或将来、能愿助动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
   (1)、当句子中含有barely,rarely,no,not,never,neither,nor,seldom,little, only,just,no more, nor nearly,at no time,in no way,hardly/scarcely(…when),not until…,not only(…but also),no sooner…than等表示”否定、只有、恰恰等带有“限制”意思的副词或半否定的词语(或短语)时，如果放在句首或以此开头，就要产生倒装句式。

Never in my life have I seen such a thing.

Never have I seen such a performance.
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt

about（疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活）

Only in this way can we learn English well.

Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here.

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.       

Little had I thought this was the last time.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
　　Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了，我才离开的。

　  No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

 

提示：
    A、如果否定词不在句首则不倒装。
　　I have never seen such a performance.
　　The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
    B、只有当not only…but also连接两个并列的单句时，紧跟not only后面的单句的语序需要倒装。而not only...but also连接词语或短语时，句子不需倒装。

Not only should proletarians emancipate themselves but also the whole mankind.

无产者不仅要解放他们自己，而且要解放全人类。
    Not only had the poor man been fined, but also he had been sent to prison.

这个可怜的人不仅被罚款，而且还被送进了监狱。
　  Not only you but also I am fond of music.

C、neither, nor做部分倒装时表示"也"、"也不"。

If you won't go, neither/nor will I.

He can not speak English, nor can I.

The children were tired and cross, nor were their parents in a much better humor.

孩子们厌烦、乖戾，父母的心绪也不甚好。

D、如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。
　  Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

(2)、as, though引导的倒装句

 　 ①.as引导的让步状语从句必须将表语、状语或动词原形(由形/副/v-ing/v-ed/实义动词等词充当)提前。though间或也用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。

Object as you may, I " ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I " ll go.)

纵使你反对，我也要去。

　　Hard as/though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。　　

Fast as you read, you can " t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快，你也不能这么快读完这本书。

Strange though it may look, it is true. (= Though it looks strange, it is true.)
　  尽管看起来奇怪，但是却是真的。
    注意：

A、句首名词不能带任何冠词。

Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.（=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.）虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。

B、句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems…虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

②.当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj./adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。　

　  Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.（正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。）

She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).（她跑上楼去，跑得象兔子那么快！）

 

(3)、其他部分倒装

①、so做部分倒装时表示"也"、"也不"。　　　　
　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
　  提示：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
　  Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
　  ---It's raining hard.　

---So it is.

②、在"so/such + 形容词/副词 + that从句"结构中，如果将"so/such + 形容词/副词"位于句首，主句谓语则要倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

So excited was he that he could not say a word.他很激动，一句话都说不出来。
　  So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room cold hear him.
　  他说得很响，连隔壁的人都能听见。
    ③、在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
　　May you all be happy！
    ④、在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should等助动词时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should移动主语之前，采取部分倒装。
　  Were I you, I would try it again.

Had I come，I would have finished this work.

Had I left soon, I would have caught the bus.

Had I taken your advice, I should have passed th exam.

⑤、在表达对话的句子中，也常常因为强调说话内容的重要性，把引号中的对话内容放在句首，并把said，cried，yelled等表示“说”的词与主语换位，从而呈现倒装结构。

“it is too late.”said Milian.

“This is the house where shakespeare was born”said George。

“You have eaten so much!”cried Frank.

“I am aware of it.”replied th Englishman.