16第七节连词(一)

第七节  连词

一、连词的概念

连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，用来把单词、短语、从句和句子连在一起。

二、连词的分类

1、连词按其构成可分为：
1)、简单连词，如and,after,although,as,because,before,but, if,lest,once,or,since,that,

till,unless,until,when,where,whether,while等。

2)、关联连词，如as...as,nore(less,-er)...than,no sooner...than, so ...as, so...that,

such...as,the...the,whether...or,both….and…,not only….but also….等。,

3)、分词连词，如supposing,considering,provided,given(that),providing(that)等。(分词即v-ed/v-ing形式的连词)

4)、短语连词，如as if, as far as,as long as,as soon as,according as,in case,no matter who(how,what,when,where),rather than,for all that,in order that,now (that),on condition that,(so) that,in as much as,in so far as等。

2、连词按其性质可分为类：

1、并列(等立)连词：用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的单词、短语、从句和句子。

2、从属连词：用来引导名词性从句和各类的状语从句。(连词在句中只起连接性作用，不在从句充当成分。)

提示：'半连接词'，一些语法学家把它们称为连接副词，如：nevertheless, however,

meanwhile, otherwise, likewise 等，它们在句中做连接性状语。这类连词主要是从逻辑上，而不是从形式上连接句子，其关系比较松散。

三、连词的使用规则

1、并列连词

这类连词主要有and，as well as，both…and，either…or，neither…nor，nor，not only…but (also)，or等。

1)、and

其意为”和、又”，并列结构时多用于肯定句。

He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去，她也没去。(否定之否定而用and)

2)、as well as

表示“同、也、和”的意义，可并列单词、短语、句子。并列主语时，动词要随前面的主语变化。

He works as well as he can.

It is important for you as well as for me.这对你和对我都很重要。

We have received your telegram as well as your letter of 20th May.

我们不仅接到了你的5月20日的信，也接到了你的电报。

提示：as well as用作并列连词时它意义相当于not only...but also，但侧重点在后一并列成分上，而 as well as侧重点却在前一并列成分上，A as well as B=not only B but also A。

3)、both…and…

其意为”…和…都”、”不但…而且…”、”既…又…”，并列主、谓、宾及表语

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

She both speaks and writes Japanese. 她不仅会说日语，而且还会写。

He spoke with both kindness and understanding. 他说话既亲切又明事理。

Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。

4)、either…or…

其意为”要么…要么…”、”不是…就是…”、”既…又…”、”或者…或者…”，并列主、谓、宾、表及状语，注意谓语动词采用就近原则。

Either you or I am right. 不是你错，就是我错。   

Either come in or go out. 要么进来，要么出去。

I want to visit either Paris or London. 我想去巴黎或伦敦游览一下。

Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well.

不是他没讲清楚，就是我没听明白。

People who are either under age or over age may not join the army.

年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。

Mr. Jennings, either we manage this case, or you manage it.

詹宁斯先生，要么我们处理这个案件，要么你处理。

You can either have tea or coffee. 你喝茶也行，喝咖啡也行。

5)、neither…nor…

其意为”既不…也不…”、”…和…都不”， 并列主、谓、宾、表、状语，并列主语时，谓语就近一致。谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。

The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。

He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right.他从容地走着，既不左顾也不右盼。

I have neither time nor money.我既无时间又无钱。

He neither knows nor cares what happened. 他对所发生的事不闻不问。

This is neither my fault nor yours. 这既不怪我，也不怪你。

Neither Jim nor Jack was at home.吉姆和杰克都不在家。

6)、not only…but also…

其意为”不但…而且…”，可并列主、谓、宾、表及句子。主语并列时，谓语要就近一致。

She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read.

他不仅读过这本书，而且还记得书中的内容。

It was not only unkind but also untrue. 它不仅不仁慈，而且不实在。

提示：该结构中的also有时可省略,或与but分开用，或用too, as well代之(位于句末)。

Not only is he funny, but he is witty too [as well].他不但风趣，而且也很机智。

7)、or

意思为"否则"。在并列结构中通常用于否定句。

Be quick, or it may be too late.快点，不然就会迟到。

I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

 

2、从属连词

1)、表时间关系的

(1)、after a while过一回儿(不久)

After a while, these people cooled off towards me.

过了一会儿，这些人对我态度冷淡了。

After a while Lenin came out on the stage. The ovation was unlike anything I have ever seen. Lenin let it continue for a few minutes, standing absolutely still, then with a single motion of his arms across his body stopped the uproar instantaneously and you could have heard a pin drop.不久列宁在台上出现了，那种热烈的欢呼是我从未见过的。列宁先静静地站了几分钟，让欢呼声继续着，然后用手在胸前横挥一下，喝彩声马上终止，于是连一根针落地的声音你都可以听得到。[ ]

(2)、afterward(adv.= afterwards之后,以后,后来)

You left before eleven. What did you do afterward? 你十一点前离开之后你做什么了?

Afterward they had lunch in the garden.后来他们在园子里吃午饭。

(3)、all at once(突然)

He left all at once.他突然离开了。

(4)、all of a sudden(突然地;出乎意料地)

All of a sudden the lights went out.突然灯灭了。

(5)、as a rule(一般说来;通常)

As a rule, we get up about six o'clock.我们通常六点左右起床。

(6)、at first(起先)

At first I didn't know what had happened.起先我不知道发生了什么事。

(7)、at last(最后;终于)

At last they reached Shanghai.他们终于到达上海。

(8)、at length(最终,终于　)      

At length, we began to understand what she wanted.

最后,我们总算弄清楚她到底要什么。

(9)、at once(马上;立刻)                            

Do it at once! 马上就做!

(10)、at other times(adv.平素,在其他时候,在另外的一些场合中)

At times he does his school work very well; at other times he does it very poorly.

有时他的功课做得很好，在其他时候则做得非常糟糕。

If you work hard at other times, you won't have to sit up all night before the exam.

你平时如果努力学习，在考试前就不必这样整夜开夜车了。

(11)、at present(目前,现在)

We don't need it at present.我们现在不需要。

(12)、at the moment(目前)

At the moment in my country there are very few such schools

目前在我国这类学校太少了。
at the moment“此时,此刻(现在时态) ”,“那时(过去时态)”,at that moment 强调在那时，

that代指前后文提到的时间。

He is busy at the moment 他此刻很忙。

At the moment he was busy preparing his lessons.那时，他正忙于准备功课。

(13)、at the outset(在开始时，起先(当初))

Everything went rather smooth at the outset of her career. [ ]

在她事业的初期，一切都相当顺利。

At the outset of her career she was full of optimism but not now.

她事业伊始十分乐观, 但现在已今非昔比了.

(14)、at that/the time(在那时, 当时)

It seemed like a disaster at the time.在当时那就像是一场灾难.

It is quite an understanding thing to us at that time.

那在当时对我们来说是件心照不宣之事。

(15)、at times(有时,间或)

Everyone may make mistakes at times.每个人不时都会犯错误。

(16)、by accident(偶然)

He met Tom by accident.他偶然遇到汤姆。

(17)、concurrently(同时).

One that occurs or exists concurrently with another.

伴随物即另一个同时发生或共存的事物

(18)、eventually(最后,终于) [ ]

The government eventually collapsed in 1970.该政府终于在一九七○年倒台了。

He fell ill and eventually died.他得了病,最后去世了。

(19)、finally(ad.最后,终于)

They finally realized that the whole thing was a joke.

他们终于意识到整个事情是场玩笑。

(20)、first(ad.首次;最初)

They first met in 1980.他们在一九八○年头一次见面。

(21)、for a while(不久, 过一会儿;adv.暂时)

Please wait for a while.列车员:请等一会儿。

Avoid fried foods for a while.煎炸的东西暂时别吃。

(22)、for ever (永远)

Farewell(再会!别了!) for ever and a day.永别了。

(23)、for good (永久地,决定性地),

He left the city for good.他永远地离开了那个城市。

(24)、formerly(ad.以前,从前)

Formerly he worked on a farm, but now he's a teacher.

以前他在农场工作,但现在当教师。

(25)、from now on(从今以后,从现在开始)

From now on, we will try to do better.从现在开始我们要尽量做得更好。

(26)、from time to time(有时,间或) 

He went fishing from time to time.他不时去钓鱼。

(27)、in a moment(立刻,一会儿)

I'll come in a moment.我马上就来.

(28)、in future从今以后

In future he will have to fend for himself.从今以后他得自己谋生了。

(29)、in most cases(在大多数情况下)    

In most cases, both parents were still alive and still married to each other.

大多数情况下，他们的父母都还活着，而且仍然保持着婚姻关系。

Journalists have a sixth sense of news in most cases. [ ]

在多数情况下记者们对新闻有第六感觉。

(30)、in the end(最后,终于)

Everything will be all right in the end.最终一切都会好的。

(31)、in the long run从长远说来,最终

It'll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.

使用真正的皮革最终还是便宜合算的。

(32)、in the meantime(ph.于此际,就在这一段时间里,同时)

The next programme starts in five minutes,in the meantime, here's some music.

下一节目五分钟後开始, 于此际先播放些音乐.

I like skiing and in the meantime, I know it is very dangerous.

我喜欢滑雪, 同时也知道这非常危险。

(33)、in the short run从短期来看,眼下

Cardboard's cheaper than leather in the short run.就短期来说硬纸板比皮革便宜。

(34)、in the meanwhile在此期间

In the meanwhile I'll visit an old friend of mine.在这期间我将去拜访我的一位老朋友。

(35)、in time(最后,终于；及时)

They were just in time for the bus.他们及时赶上了公共汽车。

(36)、lastly(ad.最后,最终地)

Lastly I must explain that.最后,我得解释一下那件事。

(37)、later on(作状语用时,意为“以后,后来”;表示不确定、不具体的时间)      

I'll tell you about him later on.有关他的情况以后我会告诉你的。

(38)、later(是副词,表示“一段时间之后”的意思)

Two days later，he came back.两天后，他回来了。

(39)、meanwhile( ad.其间;同时)

Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.母亲去买东西其间;我打扫屋子。

(40)、once and for all (永远地;一劳永逸地)

John's back home once and for all.约翰回到家,再也不走了。

(41)、once in a while(有时,间或)

He went to see them once in a while.他有时去探望他们。

(42)、on and off(断断续续地;有时,间或)

He has been working here, on and off, for two years.他在这儿断断续续工作了两年。

(43)、previously.( ad.事先;以前)     

They had officially retired ten years previously.他们在此十年前已正式退休。

(44)、shortly(ad.立刻,马上,不久)

She's going to New York shortly.她不久将去纽约。

(45)、simultaneously(ad.同时地) [ ] 

A discharge from a number of firearms, fired simultaneously or in rapid succession.

一齐射击，快速连续射击大批火器同时连续急速地发射

That cannot be simultaneously true; mutually exclusive. [ ]

互相矛盾的不能同时成立的,是互斥的

(46)、some time ago(前些日,不久前)

Some time ago you told us that...不久前贵方告知我方。。。

I met Harry once, but that was some time ago.

曾经见过哈里，不过那已有好长时间了。

(47)、sometimes(有时)

Sometimes we went to the beach and at other times we sunbathed on the patio.

我们有时去海滩, 有时在院子里做日光浴.

(48)、soon(ad.不久,很快地)

It will soon be Christmas.圣诞节很快就要到了。

(49)、subsequently(ad.后来,随后)

British explorer who sailed to New South Wales(1795) and subsequently made a thorough study of the Australian coast. [ ]/[ ]

(弗林德斯,马修1774-1814)英国探险家，曾航行到新南威尔士州(1795年)，随后对澳大利亚的海岸作了详尽的研究。

He said he was a doctor, but it subsequently emerged that he was an impostor.

他说他是位医生，但后来却发现他是个骗子。

(50)、then(ad.那时,当时)

He worked in that factory then.他那时在那个工厂工作。

(51)、to begin with(首先)→(相反短语：to end with最后,最终)

We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold.我们不能去。首先,天太冷了。

(52)、to start with(首先,起初,最初)

To start with, we have the correct leadership of the Party. 首先，我们有党的正确领导。

(53)、ultimately(ad.最后,终极地) [ ]

Ultimately they did get the police to come.他们最终叫来了警察。

(54)、whereupon(ad.【书】随之;因此,于是) 

They got into a quarrel, whereupon she left him.他们吵了一架,之后她就离开了他。

 

补充：Usually(ad.通常地；惯常地)at the same time(同时)；by the time(到...的时候)；not long after(不久以后)；on occasions(有时,间或)；at the very beginning（very是强调什么东西的‘最初，最开始，非常）

after(过了..之后)；any time(随时)；as soon as(一….就)；as(正当….)；before(在…之前)；by the time(到……时为止)；directly(conj.[主英]一...就)；each time(每次)；every time(每次)；immediately(conj.[主英]一...<就..>)；instantly(conj.一...(就);ad.立即,马上)；no sooner…than(刚一…就…)；once(一旦…)；since then(从那时以来)；since(自…以来)；the instant(一…<就>)；(the) last time(上次)；the minute .(一...<就>)     ；the moment(一...<就>)；(the)next time(下次)；till/until (直到…)；When(当…时)；Whenever(conj.无论什么时候;每当)；while(在……期间,当..时)