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2008-08-10 21:25:24
第八节 动词
一、动词的概念
表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。即：就是一个动作或存在的一个状态。
二、动词的分类
1、根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为三类：行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词。
1)、行为动词：就是一个具体的动作，行为动词在使用时有5中书写形式，用在不同的情况下。它们是：原形式 三单式 过去式 v-ed式 v-ing式
2)、系动词它本身有词义，但不能单独用做谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：有些系动词又是行为动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独做谓语，例如：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独做谓语。
(1)、状态系动词
就是“是”，英语里有8个，用在不同的情况下，用来表示主语状态。
原形式：be
一般式：is，am，are
过去式：was，were
完成式：been
v-ing形式：being
(2)、持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征、状态或态度，主要有continue,keep,lie, remain,
rest, stand,stay等。
continue vi. 留,仍旧[L]
The weather continues cold.天气还是冷。
keep vi保持着某一状态[Q][L]
Please keep quiet.请保持安静。
He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
lie vi. 呈...状态,置于[L]
The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake.地震之后整个城市成了一片废墟。
I have lain awake all night thinking of them.我心里想着他们,彻夜未眠。
remain vi.[W].保持,仍是[L]
This room remains cool all summer.这个房间整个夏天保持凉爽。
She remained silent all night.她整个晚上沉默不语。
rest vi.依然是,保持[L]
My grandfather will never rest idle.我祖父从来不肯闲着。
This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。
stand vi处于某种状态[L]
Mr. Black stands high in the public estimation.布莱克先生在公众中声望很高。
stay vi.继续,保持[L]
I hope the weather will stay fine.我希望天气能持续放晴。
(3)、表判断系动词
用来表示判断的动词有appear和seem，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
appear vi似乎,看来好像[L][W][+to-v][+(that)]
It appears they are right.看来他们是对的。
He appeared to be talking to himself.他似乎在自言自语。
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
seem vi.[W][L]
①.看来好像,似乎
She seems very happy with the new job.她对新工作好像很满意。
He doesn't seem to like the idea.他似乎不太赞成这个想法。
②.似乎存在;好像发生
There seems to be something the matter with him.他似乎有点不对劲。
③.感到好像,觉得似乎
I seem to hear someone knocking at the door.我好像听到有人在敲门。
It seems to me that it will rain tonight.我看今晚要下雨。
(4)、感官系动词
表示人体感官的系动词主要有feel,look,smell,sound,taste五个，后面一律用形容词(含可做形容词用的v-ing)做表语，而绝不可用名词做表语，如果要用名词表达此概念时，必须用“look(feel/smell/sound/taste)+like+名词”的句型。
feel vi
①.有感觉;觉得[L]
I feel exactly like you.我的感觉与你完全一样。
I felt hurt.我感到伤心。
She felt very proud of her son.她很为儿子骄傲。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。
That material feels like silk.
②. (客体)给人某种感觉;(摸上去)给人(某种)手感[W][L][Q]
Ice feels cold.冰摸上去是冷的。
③.觉得像[L]
look vi好像;看起来[L]
She looks happy.她看上去很幸福。
smell vi.[W]闻起来有某种气味(或气息)[L][(+of)]
The milk smells sour.牛奶有酸味了。
The house smells of fresh paint.这房子有股未干的油漆气味。
This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。
sound vi.听起来,听上去[W][L]
The music sounds very pleasing to the ear.这音乐听起来十分悦耳。
It sounds like a good idea.
taste vi.吃起来;尝起来[L]
The medicine tastes bitter.这药有苦味。
The meat tastes delicious.这肉味道真好。
The food tastes like fish.
提示：“feel like+名词”意为“感觉像…..”；“feel like + v-ing”意为“想要…….”
After the painful experience, he felt like a new-born baby.
I feel like taking a walk today. =I would like to take a walk today.
(5)、变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态，主要有be,become,come, fall,get,go,
grow,run,turn等。后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词。
基本词义：
be表示“成为”的意思时，多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如：
He will be a scientist．他将成为一名科学家。
I would like to be a bus-driver．我想成为一名公共汽车司机。
become vi.变成,成为;变得,开始变得[L]
Phil became acquainted with them.菲尔和他们熟识起来。
It seems that he has become very fond of the boy.似乎他变得十分喜爱这男孩。
She became a famous writer.她成了有名的作家。
He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。
come vi.变成,达到(某种状态)[L]
My shoe came loose.我的鞋带松了。
fall vi.
①.变成;成为[L]
They first met at university and later fell in love.他们在大学里初次相遇,后来相爱。
After a while I fell asleep.一会儿以后我睡着了。
②.【书】战死,阵亡[L]
Many men fell in battle.许多人在战斗中阵亡。
③.下垂[Q][L]
Her hair falls to her shoulders.她长发披肩。
④.被说出[(+from)][L]
Not a word fell from his lips.他一声不吭。
get vi.变成;成为[L]
It's getting cold.天气变冷。
go vi.
①.变为,成为[L]
The milk went sour.牛奶变质了。
②.处于...的状态[L]
He went hungry.他饿着肚子。
grow vi.渐渐变得[L][+to-v]
His cold is growing worse.他的感冒正在加重。
She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。
run vi.变(成),变得[L]
The river was beginning to run dry.河水开始干涸起来。
turn vi.变得;成为[L]
She turned pale.她的脸变得苍白。
词汇用法：
①.形容词作表语。
go和come是一对相反的词。''go+adj''表示令人不快的事情，而''come+adj''表示好的事情。
指人的身体、精神或事物向不好的方面变化时，多用go，所以它后面的形容词常常是表示消极意义的。如：mad,crazy(古怪的),blind, lame或表示颜色的词，go前的主语可以是人。
He went mad.
Hearing this, she went red.
Something has gone wrong with the machine. 机器出了毛病。
The meat has gone bad in such hot weather. 在如此热的天气，肉坏了。
on hearing the news of the accident in the local mine, she ____pale.
A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared
go mad go bad变坏 go crazy go hungry挨饿 go blind变瞎
In hot weather, meat goes bad.
Things will come righ in the end.
go与come前面的主语一般是物。如：
误：She goes famous.
正：She becomes(gets) famous.
run后面接short,dry, low, deep等词，主语多为能流动，能消耗掉的东西。如：
Their money was running short.
Still waters run deep.
但wild作表语，主语可以是人，如：.
Don't let the children run wild.
grow与run相对，接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，侧重于“逐渐变成新的状态”。
The girl grew thinner and thinner.
Soon the sky grew light.
My younger brother is growing tall．我的弟弟渐渐长高了。
turn多接表示颜色变化的形容词，也接表示天气的形容词，它侧重变得与以前完全不同。
the milk turned sour．牛奶变酸了。
The man turned blue with fear.
The weather suddenly turned much colder.
The leaves turn yellow in autumn. 秋天树叶变黄了。
When she saw this，she turned red. 看到这个，她的脸红了。
fall接asleep, silent等静态形容词和表示疾病的形容词，但不能接形容词比较级。如：
She fell ill froom cold.
（误）She fell from cold.
（正）She got worse.
fall short（没中）,fall apart（散开）,fall flat（没效果），可作成语记住。
''get+adj.''是口语，用得广泛 (指人的情绪或身体状态的变化，多用become与get，两者可以互换，become较正式。二者侧重表示变化过程已经完成)，get与become前面的主语既可以是人又可以是物。如：
He became(got) angry.
His coat has become(got) badly torn.
Hearing what he said，the teacher got/became angry. 听到他所说的话，老师生气了。
I hope you will get well soon. 我希望你不久能痊愈。
get较多地与形容词比较级连用。如：
The days are getting longer and longer.
注意：become一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。如：
（误）I hope you will become well.
（正）I hope you will get well.
become，get也用于天气、社会的发展变化，两者可以互换。
Our country is getting/becoming stronger and stronger. 我们的国家日益强大。
It's becoming/getting colder and colder. 天变得越来越冷。
②.become, turn, get, go, fall能用名词作表语，其它的则不能。如：
His dream has become(got) a reality. He has turned scientist.
He has gone socialist. He fell(a) victim to cancer.
注意：go, turn后常接单数名词，且通常不用不定冠词，而become后接名词时前有冠词。
She became a lawyer. 她成了一名律师。
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer. 成为作家之前他是一名教师。
He became chairman of the party.他成了这一党派的主席。在此句话中，chairman前无冠词，因为它是一个表示职位的名词。如果一个职位在一定时期内由一个人担任时，这个表示职位的名词做表语、宾补和同位语时，常不用冠词。
He was president of the Republic at that time.
We elected him monitor of our class.
Mr.Hunter，captain of the team，loves playing football.
③. become, get, grow能接过去分词，并且come和go多接有否定前缀的过去分词。“get＋过去分词”表示一次行为；“become＋过去分词”表示事情发生的最后结果。如：
The string comes untied. His report went unnoticed.
The fence gets white---washed every year. She became engaged as a typist.
④. get, go, come能接现在分词，不过它们已失去“成为”的意思。如：
They went in and got chatting together.（开始）
We often go swimming.（去）
He came running in（来）
⑤.come, grow, get能接不定式，这种结构表示变化过程，come表示“最终变得”get表示“由不…变得”，grow表示“渐渐变得”如：
I've really come to love this place.
Mary's growing to be more and more like her mother.
You'll soon get to like it.
这种结构不能用于带有一段时间的完成时态。如：
（误）They have got to know each other for years.
（正）They have known each other for years.
⑥.它们都可以接介词短语，固定搭配需要一个一个地记。如：
They ran out of money. The problem will come under discussion.
They fell behind the others. What has become of the girl.
It's getting near tea-time.
(6)、终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out等。
prove vi.证明是;原来是[L]
The rumor proved true.这谣传结果是真的。
He proved a competent manager.他证明是一个能干的经理。
My advice proved to be wrong.我的意见证明是错的。
The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
turn out vi.结果是;证明是
The party turned out to be very successful.晚会结果开得很成功。
His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
注意：常见的系动词的固定搭配come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, turn nasty等。
3)、助动词
帮助主要动词完成意思表达的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它们是：将要、意愿、可能、已经、正在、被、确实等。[
助动词根据意思的不同可分成三类，它们是：
(1)、将来、能愿助动词(情态动词)：表达“将要、能力、意愿”，只表示“期待或估计某事的发生”。如will(将要)、would(过去将要, 用于第二、第三人称)、shall、should(应该, 只用于第一人称)、could(过去能够)、can(能够)、may(可以)、must(必须)、might(或许)、ought to(应该)、have to(不得不)、need(需要)、dare(敢于)、had better(最好)、would rather(宁愿)等。
(2)、完成助动词：表达“曾经、已经”，有have、has、had三个词。
(3)、正在、被助动词：即be、is、am、are、was、were、been、being这8个词，表达“正在、被”，它们同时也是系动词之一，是借系动词来用一用。
(4)、助动词do/does/did
作用：构成一般疑问句；do/does/did+not构成否定句；构成否定祈使句；放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气；用于倒装句(引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等)；用做代动词。
前三种助动词(
将来、能愿助动词 + 完成助动词 + 正在、被助动词 + 动词
如：will have been doing表示“将要一直做……..”，动词doing前面加上了三助动词。
2、动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
判断及物和不及物动词或短语的方法：
我……他(主动)
他被我…….(被动)
在上述空格中，任意放置一动词，翻译成中文，若无毛病则为及物，有则不及物。
说明：
同一动词有时可用做及物动词，有时可用做不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用做不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用做及物动词。）
三、动词的使用规则
1、短语动词
1)、概念及分类
短语动词指由两个或两个以上单词构成的动词。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。这种动词主要有三种组合形式:
(1)、动词+介词
I agree with (与......看法一致)you on that point.
Before long he took to (爱上)a girl student in his class.
(2)、动词+副词
I can't figure out (理解)why he said that.
Uncle Herman passed away (去世)many years ago.
(3)、动词+副词+介词
We don't go in for (喜欢)that kind of thing.
I couldn't put up with (忍受)the noise any longer.
提示：在"动词+副词+介词"的组合中，短语动词只能看作是一个动词,绝对不能拆开。
注意：以上三类短语动词都是一些固定搭配，这些短语动词与某些非固定搭配是有区别的，试比较：
A、The lights went out.
B、He put on his coat and went out.
例A中的went out(熄灭)是由"动词+副词"构成的短语动词；例B中的went out(出去)不是短语动词，went 是动词，out是副词,作状语.
2)、及物短语动词宾语的位置
(1)、名词宾语通常位于这种短语动词之末。
I am looking for my glasses.
(2)、个别短语动词，其名词宾语必须放在动词和副词之间，不能放在短语动词之后。
I am going to see the guests off at the airport this afternoon.
(3)、对有些短语动词来说，名词宾语既可放在整个短语动词后面，也可放在动词和介词或副词之间。
We'll have to put off the party. 或者We'll have to put the party off.
(4)、代词宾语有时位于短语动词的词尾。
I am looking into it.
(5)、代词宾语更常紧跟在动词之后，代词宾语的这个位置常见于下列介词或副词之前：away, down, in, off, out, up.
2、将来、能愿助动词(=情态动词)
表一：将来、能愿助动词的否定形式
|
情态动词(*) |
否定式 |
简略否定式 |
|
may |
may not [ |
mayn't (老式英语，现在不常见) |
|
might |
might not |
mightn't |
|
can |
cannot/can not |
can't |
|
could |
could not |
couldn't |
|
must |
must not |
mustn't |
|
have to |
do not have to |
don't have to |
|
will |
will not |
won't [ |
|
would |
would not |
wouldn't |
|
shall |
shall not [ |
shan't (只用于英国英语) |
|
should |
should not |
shouldn't |
|
ought to |
ought not to |
oughtn't to (否定句中to可省略) |
|
need |
Need not |
needn't |
|
dare |
Dare not |
daren't |
|
used to |
Used not to |
usedn't to |
|
did not use to |
didn't use to |
