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2008-08-10 21:19:56
第六节 介词
一、介词的概念
介词就是表达“上上下下、里里外外、前前后后”的词，介词就是用来精确表达时间、空间的词。介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。
介词后面一般有名词，代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句做它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中做主语，表语，定语，状语，补语或介词宾语。
二、介词的分类
1、介词可按其构成分为：
1)、简单介词，即单一介词，如at，in，of，since等。
2)、复合介词，由两个介词组成，如as for，as to，into，out of等。
3)、二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没有复合介词那样固定，如from under，from behind，until after，expect in等。
4)、短语介词，由短语构成，如according to，because of，in spite of，on behalf of，with reference to等。
5)、分词介词，由现在分词构成，如regarding，concerning，including等。
2、介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种：
1)、表地点(包括动向)
(1)、about在...的附近;在...的周围
She sat up and looked about her.她坐了起来,环顾四周。
(2)、above在...上面
The moon is now above the trees.月亮正位于树梢上。
(3)、across①.横越,穿过②.在...那边;在...的对面. ③.与...相交叉
We walked across the street.我们穿过马路。
He stared at the Englishman across the table. [
他两眼一直盯着坐在桌子对面的那个英国人。
We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。
The two lines cut(vi.相交) across each other.两条线相互交叉。
(4)、against倚,靠
He is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。
His desk is against the wall.他的办公桌靠墙放着。
(5)、along 沿着，顺着.
They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。
I was driving my car along a muddy path.我沿着泥泞的小路开车。
(6)、among在...之中,在...中间
Tom has always been popular among his classmates.汤姆在同学中一直很受欢迎。
(7)、around①.围绕,环绕②.在...四处③.在...附近④.绕过
They sat around the table talking the news. 他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。
There is a drugstore around the corner. 拐角处有一家药店。（在...附近）
Ann traveled around Europe for a few months.安妮在欧洲各地旅游了数月。(在...四处)
She liked to work around her own home.她喜爱在她自己家的附近工作。
They went around the town, not through it.他们没有穿过而是绕过该镇而行。
(8)、at①.在...地点②.向,朝,对着
They were already waiting at the gate when I got there.
当我到达那里时,他们已等候在门口了。
Don't shout at me.别对我叫喊。
(9)、before在...前面;在...面前(位置)
He took a picture before the car. 他在汽车前照了张照片。
She said she had never spoken before an audience.她说她从未在大庭广众讲演过。
(10)、behind在...的背后;在...的后面;向...的背后(位置),
Are there any brooms behind the door? 门后有扫帚吗？
There is a garden behind the house.屋后有个花园。
(11)、below(指位置)在...下面;到...下面
There are four lights below the ceiling. 天花板下面有四盏灯。
Her skirt came below her knees.她的裙长过膝。
(12)、beneath在...之下;向...下面
The sun is now beneath the horizon.太阳此刻落到地平线下了。[
(13)、beside在...近旁;在旁边
He found the body beside the river. 他在河边发现了尸体。
He sat down beside Emma.他在艾玛身旁坐下。
(14)、between(指时间、空间、顺序等)在...之间
They planted a lot of trees between the two buildings.
他们在两座建筑物之间栽了许多树。
(15)、beyond在...的那一边;向...的那一边;越过
The shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it.
你要找的商店在街的那边，你不会找不到的。
Beyond the mountains is a thick forest.山那边是一片浓密的森林。
(16)、by ①.经由;沿②在...旁边,靠近;在...手边
Ellen flew to Chicago by way of Minneapolis.艾伦经由明尼阿波利斯飞往芝加哥。
I haven't got any money by me.我身边没有带钱。
(17)、down①.往...下方;在...下方②.在...尽头;沿着③.往...的下游;在...的下游
She walked down the street. 她沿着街道走。
Their house is half-way down the hill.他们的房子坐落在半山腰。
Walk directly down the road and you'll get to the square.沿这条路一直走,你能到广场。
They floated down the river.他们沿河向下游漂去。
(18)、for.朝...方向去;往,向
He left for Taipei.他出发去台北。
(19)、from①.离(开) ②.从...来;出自
Our school is two miles from the station.我们学校离车站
He comes from Shanghai.他来自上海。
(20)、in①.在...里,在...上②.朝,向
The two brothers study in the same class.两兄弟在同一个班里上课。
The telephone is in the little study on the ground floor.电话在一楼的小书房内。
She hurried away in the opposite direction.她朝相反的方向匆匆离去。
(21)、into朝,向;触及
The car ran into the wall.汽车撞到墙上。
(22)、near在...附近
There are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。
He sat in a chair near the door.他坐在靠门的一把椅子上。
(23)、off①.离开..,隔着..;在(离岸边不远的)海面②.从..脱落,从..掉下③.通向..;从...分岔
The young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。
I live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。
He lifted a cup off the table.他从桌上拿起一只杯子。
The dining room is off the living room.餐室通向起居室。
(24)、on①.在...上②朝,向③.靠近,在...旁,沿着
He laid a hand on my shoulder.他把一只手放在我肩上。
She stood on my left.她站在我左边。
(25)、out of自...离开;从...出来，在...之外。
The dog runs out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。
(26)、outside在...外;向...外
They are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。
Outside the window it was a wonderful spring morning.窗外是一片美妙的春天晨景。
(27)、over①.在...之上,在正上方②.(覆盖)在...上面③.在...对面④.从...边缘上往下
There is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。
We live over a small bookstore.我们住在一家小书店的楼上。
We spread a carpet over the floor.我们给地板铺上了地毯。
(28)、past(指时间、数量等)过;通过,经过
The students walked past the post office. 学生们走过了邮局。
The boys walked past our house.孩子们走过我们的房子。
(29)、round①.围绕,环绕②.在...周围;在...附近③.去...的四处;在...的各处④.在...拐弯处
We sat round the table. 我们围着桌子坐下。
The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
I'll take you round the town.我带你们到城里各处看看。
(30)、through①.穿过;通过②.遍及,在...各处;在...之间,在...之中
The river runs through our village.这条河穿过我们的村子。
She has traveled through Europe.她已游遍欧洲。
(31)、throughout遍及,遍布
The police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain.警察搜山寻找犯人。
The National Day was celebrated throughout the country.全国都在庆祝国庆日。
(32)、to①.向,往,到②.(表距离)离③.(表位置)对,面对④.(表接近、接触)在,于,紧贴着
How long is it from here to the station？ 从这儿到车站有多远？
She lives in the house to the right.她住在右边的房子里。
This road leads to Paris.这条路通往巴黎。
(33)、towards向,朝;面对
I saw her walking towards the bank.我看到她朝银行走去。
Jean moved towards the door.琼向门口走过去。
(34)、under在...下面,在...下方;在...里面
There are some footballs under the bed. 床底下有几颗足球。
What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿什么?
They were playing chess under the tree.他们在树下下棋。
(35)、up①.向...上,往...上②.在...之上③.向...的上游;沿着
He went up the stairs. 他上了楼梯。
Her room is up those stairs.她的房间在那边楼上。
She walked up the path.她沿着小路走。
(36)、upon①.在...之上,在...上面②.(走)上...,(爬)上... ③.对着,向
It's not polite to look down upon him. 蔑视他是不礼貌的。
He laid a hand upon my shoulder.他把一只手放在我肩上。
He climbed upon his horse.他爬上马背。
(37)、within在...里面,在...内部
He kept within doors all day yesterday.他昨儿整天呆在屋里。
(38)、without在...外面,在...外部
He lives in a cottage three miles without the town.
他住在城外
比较异同：
A、at ,in, on, to
at (a)表示在小地方; (b)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (a)表示 在大地方; (b)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻，接壤
to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in
B、above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。
on表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
C、below, under 在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
D、Between, among
between指在两个人或两个事物之间；
among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。
There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground.
The teacher is standing among the students.
E、across, through 通过，穿过
across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关；
through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关。
She swam across the river.
He walked through the forest.
Can you swim across the river？ 你能游过河吗？
提示：有不少表地点的介词表动向，除很明显的across,around,near,towards外，还有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。
