柔中带刚,刚中带柔,淫荡中富含柔和,刚猛中荡漾风骚,无坚不摧,无孔不入!
全部博文(1669)
分类: Oracle
2012-02-08 09:08:31
一.SYS.AUDSES$序列说明 1.1 MOS 说明
MOS 文档:How Sessions get Their AUDSID Identifier [ID 122230.1]
Sessionsconnecting to an Oracle database have a number of identifiers assigned to themwhich can be found in the V$SESSION dynamic view.
--当session 连接到Oracle 数据库时,会分配一个标识号,这个标识号可以从v$session 这个视图里查询。
One of theseidentifiers is V$SESSION.AUDSID. Thisidentifier is particularly useful because it can also be obtained by a sessionusing the SQL function USERENV('SESSIONID'). In this way, a session can find its own session-related information.
--其中一个标识符就是v$session.audsid. 这个标识符非常有用,因为它也可以用SQL 函数USERENV(‘SESSIONID’)来获取,这样,session 就可以发现其关联的信息。
1.2 SESSION 获取v$session.audsid说明
A session connected to an Oracle database may obtain one of its session identifiers, the Auditing Session ID, by use of the built-in USERENV SQL function.
For example, in SQL*Plus, a query like thefollowing can be used:
SQL> select userenv('SESSIONID') from dual;
USERENV('SESSIONID')
--------------------
13591
--查看当前的Auditingsession id
This value maybe used to find out more information about the current session as it is alsorecorded in the column AUDSID of the V$SESSION dynamic view.
--通过这个audid,然后和v$session 结合,就可以查看session的更多信息。
Continuing the previous example:
SQL> select sid,serial#,audsid,programfrom v$session where audsid=13591;
SID SERIAL# AUDSID PROGRAM
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------
13 2904 13591 sqlplus@sunclient1 (TNS V1-V2)
This AuditingSession ID is determined when the user connects to the database and is aconstant value for the duration of the session.
--AUDID 决定用户是什么时候连接到数据库的,在session 活动期间,该值是不变的。
The value thatis assigned to AUDSID is taken from a sequence in the Oracle Data Dictionary,the sequence SYS.AUDSES$. When AUDSID isassigned to a new session the SYS.AUDSES$ sequence is incremented using NEXTVALand the new value is assigned to the session.
--那么session 分配的AUDSID 值是从SYS.AUDSES$序列中获取的,当分配时,SYS.AUDSES$会使用nextval 增加,然后赋值给session。
However, not allsessions get an AUDSID: Sessions connecting as 'internal' do not increment theSYS.AUDSES$ sequence and the value of their AUDSID is 0.
--但是,不是所有的session 都可以获取到AUDSID值。 用internal连接时,就不会增加SYS.AUDSES$序列,其对应session 的AUDSID 值是0.
For example, see what happens when weconnect internal in svrmgrl:
SVRMGR> connect internal
Connected.
SVRMGR> select userenv('SESSIONID') fromdual;
USERENV('S
----------
0
1 row selected.
Connect internal gets an AUDSID of 0irrespective of which tool was used.
--不管使用什么工具连接,只要用的是internal用户,那么AUDSID 就是0
For example, connecting internal fromSQL*Plus:
SQL> connect internal/oracle
Connected.
SQL> select userenv('SESSIONID') fromdual;
USERENV('SESSIONID')
--------------------
0
Background processes also have 0 as theirAUDSID value。
--后台进程对应的AUDSID值也是0.
Continuing from the last SQL*Plus session,where we are connected internal:
SQL> select sid,serial#,audsid,programfrom v$session;
SID SERIAL# AUDSID PROGRAM
---------- ---------- ----------------------------------------
1 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (PMON)
2 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (DBWR)
3 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (ARCH)
4 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (LGWR)
5 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (CKPT)
6 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (SMON)
7 1 0 oracle@sunclient1 (RECO)
8 17125 0 sqlplus@sunclient1 (TNS V1-V2)
10 rows selected.
Of course'connect internal' is equivalent to connecting 'AS SYSOPER' or 'AS SYSDBA' andin both of these cases AUDSID is again 0.
--internal 进行连接,和’as sysoper’,’as sysdba’ 连接是等价的。其对应的AUDSID 都是0.
In 10g we make a further distinction forSYS sessions:
If AUDSID=0, then it is an internallygenerated SYS session.
If AUDSID=UB4MAX(4294967295), then it is adirect SYS session.
--在Oracle 10g,如果AUDSID 为0. 则表示的使用内部生成的SYS session,如果AUDSID 为UB4MAX(4294967295), 那么表示直接使用SYS用户登陆的。
SYS@anqing1(rac1)> conn / as sysdba;
Connected.
SYS@anqing1(rac1)> selectuserenv('SESSIONID') from dual;
USERENV('SESSIONID')
--------------------
4294967295
小结:
当session连接数据库时,会分配一个Auditing Session ID,可以使用userenv('SESSIONID') 查看当前AUDID 的值,其值和v$session 视图里的audid 等值,所以结合这个,就可以查看当前session 的更多信息。
Auditingsession ID的值是从SYS.AUDSES$序列中获取,每次取时会自动增加,然后赋给session。
对于internal用户(’/as sysoper’ 和 ‘/as sysdba’)和后台进程,其对应的AUDID 为0.
在Oracle 10g中,如果AUDID的值为0,表明是internal 用户,如果AUDID 值是4294967295,那么就表明是用SYS 用户直接连接的。
二.SYS.AUDSES$的优化
2.1 Sequence 说明
之前整理了一篇有关sequence优化的Blog:
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/article/details/5995051
sequence 的cache 对高DML的应用来说,在性能上的提高有很大帮助,而且对于sequence,我们可以使用alter修改除start 之外的所有属性,所以修改sequence 也很方便。
Sequence cache 的默认值是20,包括这里的SYS.AUDSES$,这个值一般来说都是不合适的,尤其是高并发的系统,需要更大的cache。 所以在应用上线之前,我们会检查应用的中sequence 的cache值,一般都会改成1000+.
Oracle为了管理sequence使用了以下三中锁
(1)row cache lock
在调用sequence.nextval过程中,将数据字典信息进行物理修改时获取,赋予了nocache属性的sequence上发生。
(2)SQ锁 -- enq: SQ
在内存上缓存(cache)范围内,调用sequence.nextval期间拥有此锁,赋予了cache+noorder 属性的sequence上发生。
(3)SV锁 -- DFS lock handle
RAC上节点之间顺序得到保障的情况下,调用sequence.nextval期间获得,赋予了cache+order属性的sequence上发生。
赋予了CACHE属性的sequence调用nextval期间,应该以SSX模式获得SQ锁,许多会话同时为了获取SQ锁而发生争用过程中,若发生争用,则等待enq:SQ-contention.
创建Sequence赋予的CACHE值较小时,有enq:SQ-contention等待增加的趋势,CACHE值较小,内存上事先CACHE的值很快被耗尽,这时需要将数据字典信息物理修改,再次执行CACHE的工作,在此期间,因为一直要拥有SQ锁,相应的Enq:SQ-contention事件的等待时间也会延长,很不幸的是,在创建Sequence时,将CACHE值的缺省值设定为较小20, 因此创建使用量最多的Sequence时,CACHE值应该取1000以上的较大值。
更多测试参考我的blog:
enq:SQcontention / row cache lock / DFS lock handle(SV) 等待事件 说明
http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/article/details/6534886
所以我们可以通过查看DB的等待事件来确认sequence的cache 时候需要调整. 这些等待事件可以直接通过AWR 报告来查看,也可以通过相关的视图。
1.对于单实例: 可以查看v$system_event 中row cache locks。
2. 对于RAC,可以查看gv$enqueue_stat中enq: SQ –contention 等待事件。一般来说对于RAC,都是加大sequence的cache,并使用noorder选项,同时要修改sys.audses$的cache。
前面已经提到,需要修改SYS.AUDSES$, 在第一部分讲了每个session 连接时都会分配一个AUDID,其是从SYS.AUDSES$序列中获取,那么如果cache 过小,且在某一个时刻有多个session 同时创建,那么就可能遇到enq:SQ-contention等待事件。
所以在优化的时候关注2个: 一个是enq:SQ-contention等待事件,还有一个是logons 数。
在RAC环境下,如果logon较为频繁的话,这个sequence是必须调整的。logon高,且cache 过小,可能导致整个数据库hang住。
这2个数据都可以从AWR中直接获取。
修改cache:
SQL> alter sequence sys.audses$ cache1000;
Sequence altered.
根据具体的业务情况,这个cache值还可以在增大。
2.2 RAC Hangs due tosmall cache size on SYS.AUDSES$ [ID 395314.1]
PURPOSE
-------
Prevent hangs inRAC due to high login rate and low cache setting of AUDSES$ sequence.
Default of 20 isnot adequate in many cases.
PROBLEM:
--------
The defaultsetting for the SYS.AUDSES$ sequence is 20, this is too low for a RAC system wherelogins can occur concurrently from multiple nodes. During high login rate such low value cancause slowness and even hangs. Some of the symptoms are:
--默认的SYS.AUDSES$ 是20,这个值对于高并发的RAC来说过低,在高login和低cache的情况下,能导致系统变慢甚至hang住。 具体的表现如下:
-Checkpoint not completing on all RAC nodes
-Waits expire on row cache enqueue lock dc_sequences
- RAChangs due to QMON deadlocking
During thosehangs session login is not possible (or *extremely* slow) due to extremely highcontention on the above sequence.
SOLUTION:
---------
Manually increase that sequence cache oneach affected database:
--解决方法是手工的修改sequence 的cache:
SQL>alter sequence sys.audses$ cache10000;
This is fixed in 10.2.0.3 patchset.(Affected releases 9i to 10.2.0.2)
--这个问题在10.2.0.3中修复,其影响范围从9i 到10.2.0.2.
REFERENCES
----------
bug:4390868
bug:2855838
Bug 4390868 - Contentionon DC_SEGMENTS due to small cache size on SYS.AUDSES$ [ID 4390868.8]
2.3 How To Reset AUDSES$Sequence [ID 443618.1]
The goal of thatdocument is how to reset AUDSES$ sequence ,and any other sequence,to make itstart again with the start with value.
You cannotdirectly change the start with value of a sequence using thefollowing command:
Alter sequenceAUDSES$ start with 1;
This statement will generate the following error:
ORA-02283: cannot alter starting sequencenumber
Solution
Here is the steps to reset AUDSES$ sequence :
please note thatrequires the sequence to be CYCLE_FALG to be Y which is the default for that sequence:
1-It is recommended to take a backup fromthe database.
2- Connect to the database using sys account:
SQL>select AUDSES$.nextval from dual;
That will return a value X
SQL>alter sequence AUDSES$ maxvalue X;
Please note that maxvalue above should be greater than the value of CACHE_SIZE----->that value can be obtained by :
SQL>select *
from dba_sequences
wheresequence_name='AUDSES$';
--maxvalue 需要大于CACHE_SIZE,其值可以从dba_sequences中查询。
SQL>select AUDSES$.nextval from dual;
It should start again from the beginning.
Please note the maximum value for that sequence has been changed to X you canre change to any other value wanted.
In 11g, you may encounteran error when attempting the above, such as:
ORA-04009: MAXVALUE cannot be made to be less than the current value
--在Oracle11g,限制的更严格一点,MAXVALUE 值不能小于当前值。
To work around this you may do thefollowing:
sql> connect / as sysdba
shutdown immediate
startup restrict
set lines 80
select * from dba_sequences where sequence_name='AUDSES$';
-- determine increment number:
select (max_value - last_number - 5) from dba_sequences where sequence_name=
'AUDSES$';
-- modify number in next statement from outcome ofprevious statement:
alter sequence audses$ increment by 10 cache 2;
select audses$.nextval from dual;
-- change increment value back to 1:
alter sequence audses$ increment by 1 cache 20;