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2009-01-22 21:04:44

北京时间1月22日消息,据国外媒体报道,多少个世纪以来,人类并不清楚其他动物如何看世界,也不知道它们究竟看到的是一个什么样的世界。最新科学研究揭示了动物惊人的视觉差异。以下为几种动物看世界的方式。
 
马:看不到两眼中间区域
 

马:看不到两眼中间区域
 
马有着惊人的视野,当然,它们正前面的视野之外,由于“双眼视力”,马无法看到两眼中间的区域,也就是正前方。这就是它们走路经常低着头的缘故。
 
猴:视觉基本与人类相同
 

猴:视觉基本与人类相同
 
古代的猴和猿的视觉基本与人类相同,它们有三色视觉,能看到红色、绿色和蓝色。但是,现在很多猴子不是这样。猴种之间的视觉模式千差万别。事实上,同一类的猴子也可能有6种不同类型的色盲或者视力。身为人类的近亲,色盲的公猴数量比母猴多。
 
鸟:可看到至少5种光谱带
 

鸟:可看到至少5种光谱带
 
很多鸟类的视力相差悬殊,例如鸽子,可以分辨出数百万种不同的色彩,它们被认为是地球上最擅长分辨色彩的动物。鸟儿眼中的圆锥细胞比人类多得多,这说明它们可看到至少5种光谱带。
 
猫和狗:具有夜视能力
 

猫和狗:具有夜视能力
 
猫和狗的视力都不是很好。它们主要依靠嗅觉和听觉来感知世界。猫的视力尤其弱。猫和狗都是色盲,猫比狗更甚。狗有时候能分辨出黄色和蓝色。大多数猫只能分辨出一点点色彩,它们最擅长聚焦于一个物体,比如捉老鼠。但是,这种动物的夜间视力要比人类好。因为它们眼睛的位置很特殊,所以,猫和狗都比人类看得远。
 
蛇:红外线感知
 

蛇:红外线感知
 
蛇有两套视觉系统。一套是你经常看到的蛇眼,它们擅长分辨颜色。但它们还有一对“眼睛”,这对眼睛可以像红外探测器一样感知并“看到”生物。一旦你被蛇看到,那你就很难摆脱它。幸运的是,大多数蛇遇到人类,选择的是逃走而不是攻击。
 
昆虫:借助视觉感知动作
 

蜻蜓的眼睛
 
因为眼睛的分段结构非常特殊,很多昆虫看物体与人类相差极大。昆虫以它们类似圆点的眼睛而闻名。很多昆虫的一个眼球中有3万个晶状体。但是,它们中最有趣的可能是蜻蜓。这种昆虫的大脑运转速度非常快,大部分动作它都可以用慢动作的方式来感知。虽然昆虫能分辨颜色,但通常它们分辨颜色的能力不及其他动物。昆虫可借助视觉感知动作。这就是它们很难被消灭的原因。
 
===================English version=====================
 

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For centuries, humans were in the dark about what and how other animals see. Recent scientific investigation has revealed an amazing world of vision diversity. Like the dragonfly - its brain works so fast that it sees movements as if in slow motion. Or the pigeon - which is capable of detecting more subtle gradations of color than the most advanced computer program. Or the snake - there is no escaping heat vision. Read on to see how animals see the world.

Horses

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Horses have an amazing range of vision - that is, except for what is right in front of them. They literally can’t spot whatever is between their eyes and therefore directly ahead due to their binocular vision. This is why they so often look down as they walk.

Monkeys

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Old world monkeys and apes mainly see as humans do - they are trichomats, so they pick up red, green, and blue. But many new world monkeys do not. There is no real pattern among species. In fact, in the same family of monkeys there can be up to six different types of color blindness or vision. As with their human cousins, color blindness is more common in males than in females.

Birds

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Many birds can see differently. , for example, can see literally millions of different hues and are thought to be among the best at color detection ability of any animal on earth. They have many more cones than humans in their eyes, thus accounting for the ability to see at least .

Cats and Dogs

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Cats and dogs do not have strong vision. They rely on scent and sound primarily as their sensory detection. Cats in particular have weak vision. They are color blind, and cats more so than dogs. can sometimes tell the difference between yellow and blue, for example. Most cats can only detect a little color, and are best at focusing on one object narrowly (for hunting). But they do have better night vision than humans. Both dogs and cats have better perspective and depth perception, due to the placement of their eyes, than human beings do.

Snakes

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Snakes have two sets of eyes. One set is the normal eyes that you see, and they detect color quite well. But they also have vision and “see” living creatures like an infrared detector. There is no getting away from a snake once you’re spotted. That closed door won’t help. Luckily most snakes are more likely to retreat than attack.

Insects

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Because of segmented eye structure, many insects see objects very differently from what humans perceive. Insects are famous for their dot-like eyes, known as ommatidia. Some have as many as 30,000 lenses per eyeball. But perhaps most interesting is the dragonfly. This insect’s brain works so rapidly, it perceives most movement in slow motion. Insects do see color, but not usually as clearly as other animals. Their vision assists them in detecting movement. That’s why they’re so hard to kill!

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