简介
POSIX thread 简称为pthread,Posix线程是一个标准线程.该标准定义内部API创建和操纵线程.
作用
线程库实行了POSIX线程标准通常称为pthreads.pthreads是最常用的POSIX系统如Linux和Unix,而微软Windowsimplementations同时存在.举例来说,pthreads-w32可支持MIDP的pthread
Pthreads定义了一套 C程序语言类型、函数与常量,它以 pthread.h 头文件和一个线程库实现。
数据类型
pthread_t:线程句柄
pthread_attr_t:线程属性
线程操纵函数(简介起见,省略参数)
pthread_create():创建一个线程
pthread_exit():终止当前线程
pthread_cancel():中断另外一个线程的运行
pthread_join():阻塞当前的线程,直到另外一个线程运行结束
pthread_attr_init():初始化线程的属性
pthread_attr_setdetachstate():设置脱离状态的属性(决定这个线程在终止时是否可以被结合)
pthread_attr_getdetachstate():获取脱离状态的属性
pthread_attr_destroy():删除线程的属性
pthread_kill():向线程发送一个信号
同步函数
用于 mutex 和条件变量
pthread_mutex_init() 初始化互斥锁
pthread_mutex_destroy() 删除互斥锁
pthread_mutex_lock():占有互斥锁(阻塞操作)
pthread_mutex_trylock():试图占有互斥锁(不阻塞操作)。当互斥锁空闲时将占有该锁;否则立即返回
pthread_mutex_unlock(): 释放互斥锁
pthread_cond_init():初始化条件变量
pthread_cond_destroy():销毁条件变量
pthread_cond_wait(): 等待条件变量的特殊条件发生
pthread_cond_signal(): 唤醒第一个调用pthread_cond_wait()而进入睡眠的线程
Thread-local storage(或者以Pthreads术语,称作 线程特有数据):
pthread_key_create(): 分配用于标识进程中线程特定数据的键
pthread_setspecific(): 为指定线程特定数据键设置线程特定绑定
pthread_getspecific(): 获取调用线程的键绑定,并将该绑定存储在 value 指向的位置中
pthread_key_delete(): 销毁现有线程特定数据键
与一起工作的工具函数
pthread_equal(): 对两个线程的线程标识号进行比较
pthread_detach(): 分离线程
pthread_self(): 查询线程自身线程标识号
详细请参见:
Linux多线程pthread: http://blog.csdn.net/Sunboy_2050/archive/2010/10/04/5920936.aspx
Pthread多线程学习小结: http://blog.csdn.net/Sunboy_2050/archive/2010/10/04/5921003.aspx
===================================================================
多线程创建
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#include<stdio.h>
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#include<pthread.h>
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#include<string.h>
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#include<sys/types.h>
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#include<unistd.h>
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pthread_t main_tid;
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void print_ids(const char *str)
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{
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pid_t pid; //进程id
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pthread_t tid; //线程id
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pid = getpid(); //获取当前进程id
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tid = pthread_self(); //获取当前线程id
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printf("%s pid: %u tid: %u (0x%x)/n",
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str,
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(unsigned int)pid,
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(unsigned int)tid,
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(unsigned int)tid);
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}
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void *func(void *arg)
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{
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print_ids("new thread:");
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return ((void *)0);
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}
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int main()
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{
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int err;
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err = pthread_create(&main_tid, NULL, func, NULL); //创建线程
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if(err != 0){
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printf("create thread error: %s/n",strerror(err));
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return 1;
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}
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printf("main thread: pid: %u tid: %u (0x%x)/n",
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(unsigned int)getpid(),
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(unsigned int)pthread_self(),
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(unsigned int)pthread_self());
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print_ids("main thread:");
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sleep(1);
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return 0;
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}
运行结果:
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_create pthread_create.c -lpthread
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_create
main thread: pid: 12531 tid: 2505487232 (0x9556b380)
main thread: pid: 12531 tid: 2505487232 (0x9556b380)
new thread: pid: 12531 tid: 1084229984 (0x40a00960)
===================================================================
多线程条件变量
参考代码:
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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pthread_mutex_t counter_lock; //互斥锁
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pthread_cond_t counter_nonzero; //条件变量
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int counter = 0;
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int estatus = -1;
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void *decrement_counter(void *argv);
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void *increment_counter(void *argv);
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//******* 主函数 *******//
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int main(int argc, char **argv)
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{
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printf("counter: %d/n", counter);
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pthread_t thd1, thd2;
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int ret;
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//初始化
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pthread_mutex_init(&counter_lock, NULL);
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pthread_cond_init(&counter_nonzero, NULL);
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ret = pthread_create(&thd1, NULL, decrement_counter, NULL); //创建线程1
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if(ret){
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perror("del:/n");
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return 1;
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}
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ret = pthread_create(&thd2, NULL, increment_counter, NULL); //创建线程2
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if(ret){
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perror("inc: /n");
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return 1;
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}
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int counter = 0;
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while(counter != 10){
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printf("counter(main): %d/n", counter); //主线程
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sleep(1);
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counter++;
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}
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pthread_exit(0);
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return 0;
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}
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void *decrement_counter(void *argv)
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{
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printf("counter(decrement): %d/n", counter);
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pthread_mutex_lock(&counter_lock);
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while(counter == 0)
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pthread_cond_wait(&counter_nonzero, &counter_lock); //进入阻塞(wait),等待激活(signal)
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printf("counter--(before): %d/n", counter);
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counter--; //等待signal激活后再执行
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printf("counter--(after): %d/n", counter);
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&counter_lock);
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return &estatus;
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}
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void *increment_counter(void *argv)
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{
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printf("counter(increment): %d/n", counter);
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pthread_mutex_lock(&counter_lock);
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if(counter == 0)
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pthread_cond_signal(&counter_nonzero); //激活(signal)阻塞(wait)的线程(先执行完signal线程,然后再执行wait线程)
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printf("counter++(before): %d/n", counter);
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counter++;
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printf("counter++(after): %d/n", counter);
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&counter_lock);
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return &estatus;
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}
运行结果:
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_cond2 pthread_cond2.c -lpthread
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_cond2
counter: 0
counter(main): 0
counter(decrement): 0
counter(increment): 0
counter++(before): 0
counter++(after): 1
counter--(before): 1
counter--(after): 0
counter(main): 1
counter(main): 2
counter(main): 3
counter(main): 4
counter(main): 5
counter(main): 6
counter(main): 7
counter(main): 8
counter(main): 9
详细解释,请见:http://blog.csdn.net/Sunboy_2050/archive/2010/11/24/6031723.aspx
===================================================================
多线程的创建特殊数据键
参考代码:
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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pthread_key_t key; //声明参数key
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void echomsg(void *arg) //析构处理函数
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{
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printf("destruct executed in thread = %u, arg = %p/n",
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(unsigned int)pthread_self(),
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arg);
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}
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void *child_1(void *arg)
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{
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pthread_t tid;
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tid = pthread_self();
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printf("%s: thread %u enter/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
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pthread_setspecific(key, (void *)tid); // 与key值绑定的value(tid)
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printf("%s: thread %u returns %p/n", // %p 表示输出指针格式
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(char *)arg,
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(unsigned int)tid,
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pthread_getspecific(key)); // 获取key值的value
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sleep(1);
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return NULL;
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}
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void *child_2(void *arg)
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{
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pthread_t tid;
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tid = pthread_self();
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printf("%s: thread %u enter/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
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pthread_setspecific(key, (void *)tid);
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printf("%s: thread %u returns %p/n",
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(char *)arg,
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(unsigned int)tid,
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pthread_getspecific(key));
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sleep(1);
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return NULL;
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}
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//******* 主函数 *******//
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int main(void)
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{
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pthread_t tid1, tid2;
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printf("hello main/n");
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pthread_key_create(&key, echomsg); //创建key
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pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, child_1, (void *)"child_1"); //创建带参数的线程,需要强制转换
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pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, child_2, (void *)"child_2");
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sleep(3);
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pthread_key_delete(key); //清除key
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printf("bye main/n");
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pthread_exit(0);
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return 0;
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}
运行结果:
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_setspecific pthread_setspecific.c -lpthread
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_setspecific
hello main
child_1: thread 1084229984 enter
child_1: thread 1084229984 returns 0x40a00960
child_2: thread 1094719840 enter
child_2: thread 1094719840 returns 0x41401960
destruct executed in thread = 1084229984, arg = 0x40a00960
destruct executed in thread = 1094719840, arg = 0x41401960
bye main
附加参考——函数原型:
Posix定义了两个API分别用来创建和注销TSD:
int pthread_key_create(pthread_key_t *key, void (*destr_function) (void *))
注销一个TSD采用如下API:
int pthread_key_delete(pthread_key_t key)
int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t key, const void *pointer)
void * pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t key)
参考网址:
===================================================================
多线程的创建特殊数据键
参考代码:
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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pthread_once_t once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; //声明变量
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//once_run()函数仅执行一次,且究竟在哪个线程中执行是不定的
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//尽管pthread_once(&once,once_run)出现在两个线程中
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//函数原型:int pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_routine)(void))
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void once_run(void)
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{
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printf("Func: %s in thread: %u/n",
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__func__,
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(unsigned int)pthread_self());
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}
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void *child_1(void *arg)
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{
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pthread_t tid;
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tid = pthread_self();
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pthread_once(&once, once_run); //调用once_run
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printf("%s: thread %d returns/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
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return NULL;
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}
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void *child_2(void *arg)
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{
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pthread_t tid;
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tid = pthread_self();
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pthread_once(&once, once_run); //调用once_run
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printf("%s: thread %d returns/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
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return NULL;
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}
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//******* main *******//
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int main(void)
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{
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pthread_t tid1, tid2;
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printf("hello main/n");
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pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, child_1, (void *)"child_1");
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pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, child_2, (void *)"child_2");
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pthread_join(tid1, NULL); //main主线程等待线程tid1返回
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pthread_join(tid2, NULL); //main主线程等待线程tid2返回
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printf("bye main/n");
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return 0;
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}
运行结果:
pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_once pthread_once.c -lpthread
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_once
hello main
Func: once_run in thread: 1084229984
child_1: thread 1084229984 returns
child_2: thread 1094719840 returns
bye main