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2018-05-21 11:44:13

简介

POSIX thread 简称为pthread,Posix线程是一个标准线程.该标准定义内部API创建和操纵线程.

 

作用

线程库实行了POSIX线程标准通常称为pthreads.pthreads是最常用的POSIX系统如Linux和Unix,而微软Windowsimplementations同时存在.举例来说,pthreads-w32可支持MIDP的pthread   

Pthreads定义了一套 C程序语言类型、函数与常量,它以 pthread.h 头文件和一个线程库实现。

 

数据类型

pthread_t:线程句柄   

pthread_attr_t:线程属性

线程操纵函数(简介起见,省略参数)

pthread_create():创建一个线程   

pthread_exit():终止当前线程   

pthread_cancel():中断另外一个线程的运行   

pthread_join():阻塞当前的线程,直到另外一个线程运行结束   

pthread_attr_init():初始化线程的属性   

pthread_attr_setdetachstate():设置脱离状态的属性(决定这个线程在终止时是否可以被结合)

pthread_attr_getdetachstate():获取脱离状态的属性   

pthread_attr_destroy():删除线程的属性   

pthread_kill():向线程发送一个信号

 

同步函数

用于 mutex 和条件变量   

pthread_mutex_init() 初始化互斥锁   

pthread_mutex_destroy() 删除互斥锁   

pthread_mutex_lock():占有互斥锁(阻塞操作)   

pthread_mutex_trylock():试图占有互斥锁(不阻塞操作)。当互斥锁空闲时将占有该锁;否则立即返回  

pthread_mutex_unlock(): 释放互斥锁   

pthread_cond_init():初始化条件变量   

pthread_cond_destroy():销毁条件变量   

pthread_cond_wait(): 等待条件变量的特殊条件发生

pthread_cond_signal(): 唤醒第一个调用pthread_cond_wait()而进入睡眠的线程      

Thread-local storage(或者以Pthreads术语,称作 线程特有数据):   

pthread_key_create(): 分配用于标识进程中线程特定数据的键   

pthread_setspecific(): 为指定线程特定数据键设置线程特定绑定   

pthread_getspecific(): 获取调用线程的键绑定,并将该绑定存储在 value 指向的位置中   

pthread_key_delete(): 销毁现有线程特定数据键

 

与一起工作的工具函数

pthread_equal(): 对两个线程的线程标识号进行比较   

pthread_detach(): 分离线程   

pthread_self(): 查询线程自身线程标识号

 

详细请参见:

Linux多线程pthread:     http://blog.csdn.net/Sunboy_2050/archive/2010/10/04/5920936.aspx 

Pthread多线程学习小结: http://blog.csdn.net/Sunboy_2050/archive/2010/10/04/5921003.aspx

===================================================================

 

多线程创建


点击(此处)折叠或打开

  1. #include<stdio.h>
  2.     #include<pthread.h>
  3.     #include<string.h>
  4.     #include<sys/types.h>
  5.     #include<unistd.h>
  6.     pthread_t main_tid;
  7.     void print_ids(const char *str)
  8.     {
  9.         pid_t pid; //进程id
  10.         pthread_t tid; //线程id
  11.         pid = getpid(); //获取当前进程id
  12.         tid = pthread_self(); //获取当前线程id
  13.         printf("%s pid: %u tid: %u (0x%x)/n",
  14.                     str,
  15.                     (unsigned int)pid,
  16.                     (unsigned int)tid,
  17.                     (unsigned int)tid);
  18.     }
  19.     void *func(void *arg)
  20.     {
  21.         print_ids("new thread:");
  22.         return ((void *)0);
  23.     }
  24.     int main()
  25.     {
  26.         int err;
  27.         err = pthread_create(&main_tid, NULL, func, NULL); //创建线程
  28.         if(err != 0){
  29.             printf("create thread error: %s/n",strerror(err));
  30.             return 1;
  31.         }
  32.         printf("main thread: pid: %u tid: %u (0x%x)/n",
  33.                     (unsigned int)getpid(),
  34.                     (unsigned int)pthread_self(),
  35.                     (unsigned int)pthread_self());
  36.         print_ids("main thread:");
  37.         sleep(1);
  38.         return 0;
  39.     }


 

运行结果:

[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_create pthread_create.c -lpthread   

[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_create 

main thread: pid: 12531 tid: 2505487232 (0x9556b380)

main thread: pid: 12531 tid: 2505487232 (0x9556b380)

new  thread: pid: 12531 tid: 1084229984 (0x40a00960)

 

===================================================================

 

多线程条件变量

参考代码:


点击(此处)折叠或打开

  1. #include <stdio.h>
  2.     #include <pthread.h>
  3.     #include <unistd.h>
  4.       
  5.     pthread_mutex_t counter_lock; //互斥锁
  6.     pthread_cond_t counter_nonzero; //条件变量
  7.     int counter = 0;
  8.     int estatus = -1;
  9.       
  10.     void *decrement_counter(void *argv);
  11.     void *increment_counter(void *argv);
  12.       
  13.     //******* 主函数 *******//
  14.     int main(int argc, char **argv)
  15.     {
  16.         printf("counter: %d/n", counter);
  17.         pthread_t thd1, thd2;
  18.         int ret;
  19.       
  20.         //初始化
  21.         pthread_mutex_init(&counter_lock, NULL);
  22.         pthread_cond_init(&counter_nonzero, NULL);
  23.           
  24.         ret = pthread_create(&thd1, NULL, decrement_counter, NULL); //创建线程1
  25.         if(ret){
  26.             perror("del:/n");
  27.             return 1;
  28.         }
  29.       
  30.         ret = pthread_create(&thd2, NULL, increment_counter, NULL); //创建线程2
  31.         if(ret){
  32.             perror("inc: /n");
  33.             return 1;
  34.         }
  35.       
  36.         int counter = 0;
  37.         while(counter != 10){
  38.             printf("counter(main): %d/n", counter); //主线程
  39.             sleep(1);
  40.             counter++;
  41.         }
  42.       
  43.         pthread_exit(0);
  44.           
  45.         return 0;
  46.     }
  47.       
  48.     void *decrement_counter(void *argv)
  49.     {
  50.         printf("counter(decrement): %d/n", counter);
  51.         pthread_mutex_lock(&counter_lock);
  52.         while(counter == 0)
  53.             pthread_cond_wait(&counter_nonzero, &counter_lock); //进入阻塞(wait),等待激活(signal)
  54.           
  55.         printf("counter--(before): %d/n", counter);
  56.         counter--; //等待signal激活后再执行
  57.         printf("counter--(after): %d/n", counter);
  58.         pthread_mutex_unlock(&counter_lock);
  59.       
  60.         return &estatus;
  61.     }
  62.       
  63.     void *increment_counter(void *argv)
  64.     {
  65.         printf("counter(increment): %d/n", counter);
  66.         pthread_mutex_lock(&counter_lock);
  67.         if(counter == 0)
  68.             pthread_cond_signal(&counter_nonzero); //激活(signal)阻塞(wait)的线程(先执行完signal线程,然后再执行wait线程)
  69.       
  70.         printf("counter++(before): %d/n", counter);
  71.         counter++;
  72.         printf("counter++(after): %d/n", counter);
  73.         pthread_mutex_unlock(&counter_lock);
  74.       
  75.         return &estatus;
  76.     }


运行结果:

[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_cond2 pthread_cond2.c -lpthread

[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_cond2 

counter: 0

counter(main): 0

counter(decrement): 0

counter(increment): 0

counter++(before): 0

counter++(after): 1

counter--(before): 1

counter--(after): 0

counter(main): 1

counter(main): 2

counter(main): 3

counter(main): 4

counter(main): 5

counter(main): 6

counter(main): 7

counter(main): 8

counter(main): 9

 

详细解释,请见:http://blog.csdn.net/Sunboy_2050/archive/2010/11/24/6031723.aspx

===================================================================

 

多线程的创建特殊数据键

参考代码:


点击(此处)折叠或打开

  1. #include <stdio.h>
  2.     #include <pthread.h>
  3.     #include <unistd.h>
  4.       
  5.     pthread_key_t key; //声明参数key
  6.       
  7.     void echomsg(void *arg) //析构处理函数
  8.     {
  9.         printf("destruct executed in thread = %u, arg = %p/n",
  10.                     (unsigned int)pthread_self(),
  11.                     arg);
  12.     }
  13.       
  14.     void *child_1(void *arg)
  15.     {
  16.         pthread_t tid;
  17.          
  18.         tid = pthread_self();
  19.         printf("%s: thread %u enter/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
  20.           
  21.         pthread_setspecific(key, (void *)tid); // 与key值绑定的value(tid)
  22.         printf("%s: thread %u returns %p/n", // %p 表示输出指针格式
  23.                     (char *)arg,
  24.                     (unsigned int)tid,
  25.                     pthread_getspecific(key)); // 获取key值的value
  26.         sleep(1);
  27.         return NULL;
  28.     }
  29.       
  30.     void *child_2(void *arg)
  31.     {
  32.         pthread_t tid;
  33.          
  34.         tid = pthread_self();
  35.         printf("%s: thread %u enter/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
  36.           
  37.         pthread_setspecific(key, (void *)tid);
  38.         printf("%s: thread %u returns %p/n",
  39.                     (char *)arg,
  40.                     (unsigned int)tid,
  41.                     pthread_getspecific(key));
  42.         sleep(1);
  43.         return NULL;
  44.     }
  45.       
  46.     //******* 主函数 *******//
  47.     int main(void)
  48.     {
  49.         pthread_t tid1, tid2;
  50.           
  51.         printf("hello main/n");
  52.           
  53.         pthread_key_create(&key, echomsg); //创建key
  54.           
  55.         pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, child_1, (void *)"child_1"); //创建带参数的线程,需要强制转换
  56.         pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, child_2, (void *)"child_2");
  57.       
  58.         sleep(3);
  59.         pthread_key_delete(key); //清除key
  60.         printf("bye main/n");
  61.           
  62.         pthread_exit(0);
  63.         return 0;
  64.     }


运行结果:

[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_setspecific pthread_setspecific.c -lpthread
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_setspecific                                          
hello main
child_1: thread 1084229984 enter
child_1: thread 1084229984 returns 0x40a00960
child_2: thread 1094719840 enter
child_2: thread 1094719840 returns 0x41401960
destruct executed in thread = 1084229984, arg = 0x40a00960
destruct executed in thread = 1094719840, arg = 0x41401960
bye main

 

附加参考——函数原型:

Posix定义了两个API分别用来创建和注销TSD:

int pthread_key_create(pthread_key_t *key, void (*destr_function) (void *))
注销一个TSD采用如下API:
int pthread_key_delete(pthread_key_t key)
int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t key, const void *pointer)
void * pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t key)
参考网址:

 

===================================================================

多线程的创建特殊数据键

参考代码:


点击(此处)折叠或打开

  1. #include <stdio.h>
  2.     #include <pthread.h>
  3.     #include <unistd.h>
  4.       
  5.     pthread_once_t once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; //声明变量
  6.       
  7.     //once_run()函数仅执行一次,且究竟在哪个线程中执行是不定的
  8.     //尽管pthread_once(&once,once_run)出现在两个线程中
  9.     //函数原型:int pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_routine)(void))
  10.     void once_run(void)
  11.     {
  12.         printf("Func: %s in thread: %u/n",
  13.                     __func__,
  14.                     (unsigned int)pthread_self());
  15.     }
  16.       
  17.     void *child_1(void *arg)
  18.     {
  19.         pthread_t tid;
  20.       
  21.         tid = pthread_self();
  22.         pthread_once(&once, once_run); //调用once_run
  23.         printf("%s: thread %d returns/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
  24.       
  25.         return NULL;
  26.     }
  27.       
  28.     void *child_2(void *arg)
  29.     {
  30.         pthread_t tid;
  31.       
  32.         tid = pthread_self();
  33.         pthread_once(&once, once_run); //调用once_run
  34.         printf("%s: thread %d returns/n", (char *)arg, (unsigned int)tid);
  35.       
  36.         return NULL;
  37.     }
  38.       
  39.     //******* main *******//
  40.     int main(void)
  41.     {
  42.         pthread_t tid1, tid2;
  43.       
  44.         printf("hello main/n");
  45.         pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, child_1, (void *)"child_1");
  46.         pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, child_2, (void *)"child_2");
  47.       
  48.         pthread_join(tid1, NULL); //main主线程等待线程tid1返回
  49.         pthread_join(tid2, NULL); //main主线程等待线程tid2返回
  50.         printf("bye main/n");
  51.       
  52.         return 0;
  53.     }


运行结果:

pthread]$ gcc -Wall -o pthread_once pthread_once.c -lpthread
[work@db-testing-com06-vm3.db01.baidu.com pthread]$ ./pthread_once                                   
hello main
Func: once_run in thread: 1084229984
child_1: thread 1084229984 returns
child_2: thread 1094719840 returns
bye main

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