Some means for users and developers to suggest required system changes
A process to decide if changes should be included in a system
Software to keep track of suggested changes and their status
Software support for managing changing system configurations and building new systems
Change request form
The definition of a change request form is part of the CM planning process.
This form records the change proposed, requestor of change, the reason why change was suggested and the urgency of change(from requestor of the change).
It also records change evaluation, impact analysis, change cost and recommendations (System maintenance staff).
Change request form
Change tracking tools
A major problem in change management is tracking change status.
Change tracking tools keep track the status of each change request and automatically ensure that change requests are sent to the right people at the right time.
Integrated with E-mail systems allowing electronic change request distribution.
Change approval
Changes should be reviewed by an external group who decide whether or not they are cost-effective from a strategic and organizational viewpoint rather than a technical viewpoint.
Should be independent of project responsible for system. The group is sometimes called a change control board.
The CCB may include representatives from client and contractor staff.
Derivation history
This is a record of changes applied to a document or code component.
It should record, in outline, the change made, the rationale for the change, who made the change and when it was implemented.
It may be included as a comment in code. If a standard prologue style is used for the derivation history, tools can process this automatically.
Configuration management
New versions of software systems are created as they change:
For different machines/OS;
Offering different functionality;
Tailored for particular user requirements.
Configuration management is concerned with managing evolving software systems:
System change is a team activity;
CM aims to control the costs and effort involved in making changes to the software system and associated documentation.
Configuration management
Involves the development and application of procedures and standards to manage an evolving software product.
CM may be part of a more general quality management process.
When released to CM, software systems are sometimes called baselines as they are a starting point for further development.
The configuration management plan
Defines the types of documents to be managed and a document naming scheme.
Defines who takes responsibility for the CM procedures and creation of baselines.
Defines policies for change control and version management.
Defines the CM records which must be maintained.
The configuration management plan
Describes the tools which should be used to assist the CM process and any limitations on their use.
Defines the process of tool use.
Defines the CM database used to record configuration information.
May include information such as the CM of external software, process auditing, etc.
Release management
Releases must incorporate changes forced on the system by errors discovered by users and by hardware changes.
They must also incorporate new system functionality.
Release planning is concerned with when to issue a system version as a release.
System releases
Not just a set of executable programs.
May also include:
Configuration files defining how the release is configured for a particular installation;
Data files needed for system operation;
An installation program or shell script to install the system on target hardware;
Electronic and paper documentation;
Packaging and associated publicity.
Systems are now normally released on optical disks (CD or DVD) or as downloadable installation files from the web.
System building
The process of compiling and linking software components into an executable system.
Different systems are built from different combinations of components.
This process is now always supported by automated tools that are driven by ‘build scripts’.
These may be separate tools (e.g. make) or part of the programming language environment (as in Java).
System building problems
Do the build instructions include all required components?
When there are many hundreds of components making up a system, it is easy to miss one out. This should normally be detected by the linker.
Is the appropriate component version specified?
A more significant problem. A system built with the wrong version may work initially but fail after delivery.
Are all data files available?
The build should not rely on 'standard' data files. Standards vary from place to place.
System building problems
Are data file references within components correct?
Embedding absolute names in code almost always causes problems as naming conventions differ from place to place.
Is the system being built for the right platform
Sometimes you must build for a specific OS version or hardware configuration.
Is the right version of the compiler and other software tools specified?
Different compiler versions may actually generate different code and the compiled component will exhibit different behaviour.
Change management tools
CM processes are standardised and involve applying pre-defined procedures.
Large amounts of data must be managed.
Tool support for CM is therefore essential.
Mature CASE tools to support configuration management are available ranging from stand-alone tools to integrated CM workbenches.
The configuration database
All CM information should be maintained in a configuration database.
This should allow queries about configurations to be answered:
Who has a particular system version?
What platform is required for a particular version?
What versions are affected by a change to component X?
How many reported faults in version T?
The CM database should preferably be linked to the software being managed.
Change control tools
Change control is a procedural process so it can be modelled and integrated with a version management system.
Change control tools
Form editor to support processing the change request forms;
Workflow system to define who does what and to automate information transfer;
Change database that manages change proposals and is linked to a VM system;
Change reporting system that generates management reports on the status of change requests.
Version management tools
Version and release identification
Systems assign identifiers automatically when a new version is submitted to the system.
Storage management.
System stores the differences between versions rather than all the version code.
Change history recording
Record reasons for version creation.
Independent development
Only one version at a time may be checked out for change. Parallel working on different versions.
Project support
Can manage groups of files associated with a project rather than just single files.
System building
Building a large system is computationally expensive and may take several hours.
Hundreds of files may be involved.
System building tools may provide
A dependency specification language and interpreter;
Tool selection and instantiation support;
Distributed compilation;
Derived object management.
Key points
Change management is concerned with all of the activities around proposing, evaluating and implementing changes to a software system.
Change control involves assessing the technical and economic viability of change proposals.
Configuration management is the process of managing the evolving software product.
Change management tools may be stand-alone tools or may be integrated systems which integrate support for change control, version management, system building and change management.
SoftwareChangeManagement.rar