动词的语气——假造语气(The Subjunctive Mood) 1、语气的定义和种类 l、语气:语气是动词的一种情势,它表示语言人对某一举动或事变的看法和态度。 2、语气的种类: (1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是实际的、确定的或符合究竟的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:We are not ready. 我们没预备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊! (2)祈使语气: 表示语言人的建议、请求、邀请、下令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。 (3)假造语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的究竟,而是语言人的主观欲看、假设或料到等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 假如我是你,我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功! 二、假造语气在条件从句中的用法 条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是假造条件句。假如假设的环境是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句。在这类真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 假如来日诰日不下雨,我们就往公园。 假如假设的环境是过往或而今都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是假造条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 假如他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。(究竟上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。) 在含有假造条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用假造语气。现将假造条件从句和主句的动词情势列表以下: 与而今究竟相反: 从句: 动词的过往式(be的过往式一样平常用were) 主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词本相 与过往究竟相反 : 从句 :had + 过往分词 主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过往分词 与将来究竟相反 : 从句:动词过往式,should + 动词本相, 主句 :were to + 动词本相 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词本相 注: 主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。 l、表示与而今究竟相反的假设和效果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 假如我哥哥在这儿 ,统统都没题目了。 2、表示与过往究竟相反的假设和效果。如: If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 假如你按照我的建议往做,你肯定不会(不可能)考试不及格。 3、表示与将来究竟可能相反的假设和效果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would,could,might) go to see my grandmother. 假如来日诰日是星期天,我就 (可能)往看看我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 假如今晚下雪,他们将不出往了。 4、偶然条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不同等(表示错综时间的假造语气),这时候动词的情势要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。比方: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 假如你当初听了大夫的话,身材而今就好了。(从句动作指过往,主句动作指而今) 5、假造条件句可以转换成以下情势: (l)省略连词if。在书面语中,假如假造条件从句中有were,had 或 should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。比方: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他假如来了,让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我假如你,就不做这事。 (2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。偶然假设的环境并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 假如没有空气的话,就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 假如没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事。 假设的环境偶然可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起往那儿了。(假如我那天不忙的话,我就……);I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的,但我抱病了。(假如我没抱病的话,我就会完成……) 6、省往条件从句或主句:表示假造语气的主句或从句偶然可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。 (1)省往条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourimmolation. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省往了"If you had wanted to")(究竟是:你自己没洗衣服,由于你不想洗。) (2)省往主句(常用以表示欲看)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 假如我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(究竟是:祖母已不在世。);If only she had not left! 假如她没走就好了!(究竟是:她已走了。) 3、假造语气的其他用法 l、假造语气在主语从句中的用法:在"It is important (strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词本相”结构,表示某事是"紧张"、"希奇"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himimmolation of these rules. 紧张的是每个成员知道这些规则。 2、假造语气在宾语从句中用法: (1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与而今或过往的究竟相反,或对将来的主观欲看,从句平常省略连词that。1)表示对而今环境的假造:从句动词用过往式或过往进行式(be动词一样平常用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我盼看知道这个题目的答案。(可惜不知道);2)表示对过往环境的假造:从句动词常用"had+过往分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已花掉);3)表示对将来的主观欲看:谓语动词情势为"would+动词本相"。此时要注重,主句的主语与从句的主语不能雷同,由于主句的主语所盼看的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 希看雨能遏制;I wish you would come soon. 希看你立即来。 (2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词本相”,表示建议、要求、下令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立即答复我。 3、假造语气在状语从句中的用法 (1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用假造语气,动词情势与含有非真实条件句的假造语气雷同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病,他都往办公室。 (2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语情势为动词的过往式(be用were)或 “had+过往分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待卧冬似乎我是陌 生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她评论那部影片,就似乎她确切看过一样。 注:假如表示的事变可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。 (3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用 “could或might(偶然也用should)+ 动词本相”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林老师说得很慢,好让门生听清楚。 4、假造语气在定语从句中的用法:在"It is time (that) …"句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用假造语气表示将来,动词情势一样平常用过往式,意思是"该干某事的时间了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该造作业了。 5、假造语气在简单句中的用法 (1)情态动词的过往式用于而今时态时,表示语言人的谦虚、客气、有规矩,或婉转的语气,常见于一样平常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。 (2)在一些风俗表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我甘心不告诉你。 (3)用“may + 动词本相”表示"祝贺"、"希看”,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:May you be happy!祝你康乐!May good luck be yours.祝你顺利
六月新娘【新兰向】——第二十一章
银行股太低迷研究被冷落 行业研究员***『讵行”
阅读(607) | 评论(0) | 转发(0) |