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分类: 嵌入式

2010-08-10 09:02:26

嵌入式学习入门 http://blog.chinaunix.net/u3/117680/showart.php?id=2300212  

注意:此篇对Nand的操作是基于MTD架构方式
通常一个Nnad Flash存储设备由若干块组成,1个块由若干页组成。一般128MB以下容量的Nand Flash芯片,一页大小为528B,被依次分为2个256B的主数据区和16B的额外空间;128MB以上容量的Nand Flash芯片,一页大小通常为2KB。由于Nand Flash出现位反转的概率较大,一般在读写时需要使用ECC进行错误检验和恢复。
Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统的设计充分考虑到Nand Flash以页为存取单位等的特点,将文件组织成固定大小的段(Chunk)。以528B的页为例,Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统使用前512B存储数据和16B的额外空间存放数据的ECC和文件系统的组织信息等(称为OOB数据)。通过OOB数据,不但能实现错误检测和坏块处理,同时还可以避免加载时对整个存储介质的扫描,加快了文件系统的加载速度。以下是Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统页的结构说明:
         Yaffs页结构说明
==============================================
   字节                   用途
==============================================
 0 - 511                存储数据(分为两个半部)
512 - 515               系统信息
   516                  数据状态字
   517                  块状态字
518 - 519               系统信息
520 - 522               后半部256字节的ECC
523 - 524               系统信息
525 - 527               前半部256字节的ECC
==============================================

    好了,在了解Nand Flash组成和Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统结构后,我们再回到u-boot中。目前,在u-boot中已经有对Cramfs、Jffs2等文件系统的读写支持,但与带有数据校验等功能的OOB区的Yaffs/Yaffs2文件系统相比,他们是将所有文件数据简单的以线性表形式组织的。所以,我们只要在此基础上通过修改u-boot的Nand Flash读写命令,增加处理00B区域数据的功能,即可以实现对Yaffs/Yaffs2文件系统的读写支持。

实现对Yaffs或者Yaffs2文件系统的读写支持步骤如下:
①、在include/configs/my2440.h头文件中定义一个管理对Yaffs2支持的宏和开启u-boot中对Nand Flash默认分区的宏,如下:
#gedit include/configs/my2440.h  //添加到文件末尾即可
#define CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2   1 //定义一个管理对Yaffs2支持的宏
//开启Nand Flash默认分区,注意此处的分区要和你的内核中的分区保持一致
#define MTDIDS_DEFAULT "nand0=nandflash0"
#define MTDPARTS_DEFAULT "mtdparts=nandflash0:192k(bootloader)," \
                     "64k(params)," \
                     "2m(kernel)," \
                    
"-(root)"

②、在原来对Nand操作的命令集列表中添加Yaffs2对Nand的写命令,如下:

#gedit common/cmd_nand.c   //在U_BOOT_CMD中添加
U_BOOT_CMD(nand, CONFIG_SYS_MAXARGS, 1, do_nand,
    "NAND sub-system",
    "info - show available NAND devices\n"
    "nand device [dev] - show or set current device\n"
    "nand read - addr off|partition size\n"
    "nand write - addr off|partition size\n"
    " read/write 'size' bytes starting at offset 'off'\n"
    " to/from memory address 'addr', skipping bad blocks.\n"
//注意:这里只添加了yaffs2的写命令,因为我们只用u-boot下载(即写)功能,所以我们没有添加yaffs2读的命令
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2)
    "nand write[.yaffs2] - addr off|partition size - write `size' byte yaffs image\n"
    " starting at offset off' from memory address addr' (.yaffs2 for 512+16 NAND)\n"
#endif

    "nand erase [clean] [off size] - erase 'size' bytes from\n"
    " offset 'off' (entire device if not specified)\n"
    "nand bad - show bad blocks\n"
    "nand dump[.oob] off - dump page\n"
    "nand scrub - really clean NAND erasing bad blocks (UNSAFE)\n"
    "nand markbad off [...] - mark bad block(s) at offset (UNSAFE)\n"
    "nand biterr off - make a bit error at offset (UNSAFE)"
#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NAND_LOCK_UNLOCK
    "\n"
    "nand lock [tight] [status]\n"
    " bring nand to lock state or display locked pages\n"
    "nand unlock [offset] [size] - unlock section"
#endif
);

接着,在该文件中对nand操作的do_nand函数中添加yaffs2对nand的操作,如下:

    if (strncmp(cmd, "read", 4) == 0 || strncmp(cmd, "write", 5) == 0)
    {
        int read;
        if (argc < 4)
            goto usage;
        addr = (ulong)simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);
        read = strncmp(cmd, "read", 4) == 0; /* 1 = read, 0 = write */
        printf("\nNAND %s: ", read ? "read" : "write");
        if (arg_off_size(argc - 3, argv + 3, nand, &off, &size) != 0)
            return 1;
        s = strchr(cmd, '.');
        if (!s || !strcmp(s, ".jffs2") || !strcmp(s, ".e") || !strcmp(s, ".i"))
        {
            if (read)
                ret = nand_read_skip_bad(nand, off, &size, (u_char *)addr);
            else
                ret = nand_write_skip_bad(nand, off, &size, (u_char *)addr);
        }
//添加yaffs2相关操作,注意该处又关联到nand_write_skip_bad函数
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2)
        else if (s != NULL && (!strcmp(s, ".yaffs2")))
        {
            nand->rw_oob = 1;
            nand->skipfirstblk = 1;
            ret = nand_write_skip_bad(nand,off,&size,(u_char *)addr);
            nand->skipfirstblk = 0;
            nand->rw_oob = 0;
        }
#endif
        else if (!strcmp(s, ".oob"))
        {
            /* out-of-band data */
            mtd_oob_ops_t ops =
            {
                .oobbuf = (u8 *)addr,
                .ooblen = size,
                .mode = MTD_OOB_RAW
            };
            if (read)
                ret = nand->read_oob(nand, off, &ops);
            else
                ret = nand->write_oob(nand, off, &ops);
        }
        else
        {
            printf("Unknown nand command suffix '%s'.\n", s);
            return 1;
        }
        printf(" %zu bytes %s: %s\n", size, read ? "read" : "written", ret ? "ERROR" : "OK");
        return ret == 0 ? 0 : 1;
    }

③、在include/linux/mtd/mtd.h头文件的mtd_info结构体中添加上面用到rw_oob和skipfirstblk数据成员,如下:
#gedit include/linux/mtd/mtd.h   //在mtd_info结构体中添加
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2)
    u_char rw_oob;
    u_char skipfirstblk;
#endif

④、在第二步关联的nand_write_skip_bad函数中添加对Nand OOB的相关操作,如下:
#gedit drivers/mtd/nand/nand_util.c  //在nand_write_skip_bad函数中添加
int nand_write_skip_bad(nand_info_t *nand, loff_t offset, size_t *length, u_char *buffer)
{
    int rval;
    size_t left_to_write = *length;
    size_t len_incl_bad;
    u_char *p_buffer = buffer;
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
    if(nand->rw_oob==1)   
    {
        size_t oobsize = nand->oobsize;
        size_t datasize = nand->writesize;
        int datapages = 0;
        if (((*length)%(nand->oobsize+nand->writesize)) != 0)
        {
         printf ("Attempt to write error length data!\n");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
        datapages = *length/(datasize+oobsize);
        *length = datapages*datasize;
        left_to_write = *length;
    }
#endif
    /* Reject writes, which are not page aligned */
    if ((offset & (nand->writesize - 1)) != 0 ||
     (*length & (nand->writesize - 1)) != 0) {
        printf ("Attempt to write non page aligned data\n");
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    len_incl_bad = get_len_incl_bad (nand, offset, *length);
    if ((offset + len_incl_bad) >= nand->size) {
        printf ("Attempt to write outside the flash area\n");
        return -EINVAL;
    }
#if !defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
    if (len_incl_bad == *length) {
        rval = nand_write (nand, offset, length, buffer);
        if (rval != 0)
            printf ("NAND write to offset %llx failed %d\n",
                offset, rval);
        return rval;
    }
#endif
    while (left_to_write > 0) {
        size_t block_offset = offset & (nand->erasesize - 1);
        size_t write_size;
        WATCHDOG_RESET ();
        if (nand_block_isbad (nand, offset & ~(nand->erasesize - 1))) {
            printf ("Skip bad block 0x%08llx\n",
                offset & ~(nand->erasesize - 1));
            offset += nand->erasesize - block_offset;
            continue;
        }
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
        if(nand->skipfirstblk==1)   
        {
            nand->skipfirstblk=0;
            printf ("Skip the first good block %llx\n", offset & ~(nand->erasesize - 1));
            offset += nand->erasesize - block_offset;
            continue;
        }
#endif
        if (left_to_write < (nand->erasesize - block_offset))
            write_size = left_to_write;
        else
            write_size = nand->erasesize - block_offset;
        printf("\rWriting at 0x%llx -- ",offset); //add yaffs2 file system support

        rval = nand_write (nand, offset, &write_size, p_buffer);
        if (rval != 0) {
            printf ("NAND write to offset %llx failed %d\n",
                offset, rval);
            *length -= left_to_write;
            return rval;
        }
        left_to_write -= write_size;
        printf("%d%% is complete.",100-(left_to_write/(*length/100)));
        offset += write_size;
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
        if(nand->rw_oob==1)   
        {
            p_buffer += write_size+(write_size/nand->writesize*nand->oobsize);
        }
        else   
        {
            p_buffer += write_size;
        }
#else
        p_buffer += write_size;
#endif
    }
    return 0;
}

⑤、在第四步nand_write_skip_bad函数中我们看到又对nand_write函数进行了访问,所以这一步是到nand_write函数中添加对yaffs2的支持,如下:
#gedit drivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c  //在nand_write函数中添加
static int nand_write(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t to, size_t len, size_t *retlen, const uint8_t *buf)
{
    struct nand_chip *chip = mtd->priv;
    int ret;
 
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
    int oldopsmode = 0;
    if(mtd->rw_oob==1)   
    {
        int i = 0;
        int datapages = 0;
        size_t oobsize = mtd->oobsize;
        size_t datasize = mtd->writesize;
        uint8_t oobtemp[oobsize];
        datapages = len / (datasize);
        for(i = 0; i < (datapages); i++)   
        {
            memcpy((void *)oobtemp, (void *)(buf + datasize * (i + 1)), oobsize);
            memmove((void *)(buf + datasize * (i + 1)), (void *)(buf + datasize * (i + 1) + oobsize), (datapages - (i + 1)) * (datasize) + (datapages - 1) * oobsize);
            memcpy((void *)(buf+(datapages) * (datasize + oobsize) - oobsize), (void *)(oobtemp), oobsize);
        }
    }
#endif
 
    /* Do not allow reads past end of device */
    if ((to + len) > mtd->size)
        return -EINVAL;
    if (!len)
        return 0;
    nand_get_device(chip, mtd, FL_WRITING);
    chip->ops.len = len;
    chip->ops.datbuf = (uint8_t *)buf;
 
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
    if(mtd->rw_oob!=1)   
    {
        chip->ops.oobbuf = NULL;
    }
    else   
    {
        chip->ops.oobbuf = (uint8_t *)(buf + len);
        chip->ops.ooblen = mtd->oobsize;
        oldopsmode = chip->ops.mode;
        chip->ops.mode = MTD_OOB_RAW;
    }
#else
    chip->ops.oobbuf = NULL;
#endif
 
    ret = nand_do_write_ops(mtd, to, &chip->ops);
    *retlen = chip->ops.retlen;
    nand_release_device(mtd);
 
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
    chip->ops.mode = oldopsmode;
#endif
 
    return ret;
}

OK,对yaffs2支持的代码已修改完毕,重新编译u-boot并下载到nand中,启动开发板,在u-boot的命令行输入:nand help查看nand的命令,可以看到多了一个nand write[.yaffs2]的命令,这个就是用来下载yaffs2文件系统到nand中的命令了。

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