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分类: 嵌入式

2009-10-22 09:35:21

嵌入式Linux之我行,主要讲述和总结了本人在学习嵌入式linux中的每个步骤。一为总结经验,二希望能给想入门嵌入式Linux的朋友提供方便。如有错误之处,谢请指正。

一、移植环境

  • 主  机:VMWare--Fedora 9
  • 开发板:Mini2440--64MB Nand
  • 编译器:arm-linux-gcc-4.3.2
  • yaffs补丁:cvs-root.tar.gz 这里下载
  • Busybox:busybox-1.13.0.tar.tar
  • yaffs制作工具:mkyaffs2image.tgz(友善提供)

二、移植步骤

1. 准备工作目录和进入工作目录

#mkdir my2440
#cd my2440

2. 给内核打上yaffs补丁,使内核对yaffs的支持

#tar -zxvf cvs-root.tar.gz
#cd cvs/yaffs2/
#./patch-ker.sh c /root/my2440/linux-2.6.30.4/


3. 配置内核,使其对yaffs2文件系统的支持。配置完后重新编译内核,下载到开发板上

File systems --->
    < > Second extended fs support
    < > Ext3 journalling file system support
    < > The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem
    < > Reiserfs support
    < > JFS filesystem support
    < > XFS filesystem support
    < > OCFS2 file system support
    < > Btrfs filesystem (EXPERIMENTAL) Unstable disk format
    [*] Enable POSIX file locking API
    [*] Dnotify support
    [*] Inotify file change notification support
    [*] Inotify support for userspace
    [ ] Quota support
     Kernel automounter support
     Kernel automounter version 4 support (also supports v3)
     FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support
        Caches --->
        CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems --->
            <*> ISO 9660 CDROM file system support
            [ ] Microsoft Joliet CDROM extensions
            [ ] Transparent decompression extension
            < > UDF file system support
        DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems --->
            <*> MSDOS fs support
            <*> VFAT (Windows-95) fs support
            (437) Default codepage for FAT
            (iso8859-1) Default iocharset for FAT
            < > NTFS file system support
        Pseudo filesystems --->
    [*] Miscellaneous filesystems --->
        --- Miscellaneous filesystems
        < > ADFS file system support (EXPERIMENTAL)
        < > Amiga FFS file system support (EXPERIMENTAL)
        < > Apple Macintosh file system support (EXPERIMENTAL)
        < > Apple Extended HFS file system support
        < > BeOS file system (BeFS) support (read only) (EXPERIMENTAL)
        < > BFS file system support (EXPERIMENTAL)
        < > EFS file system support (read only) (EXPERIMENTAL)
        <*> YAFFS2 file system support
        -*- 512 byte / page devices
        [ ] Use older-style on-NAND data format with pageStatus byte
        [ ] Lets Yaffs do its own ECC
        -*- 2048 byte (or larger) / page devices
        [*] Autoselect yaffs2 format
        [ ] Disable lazy loading
        [ ] Turn off wide tnodes
        [ ] Force chunk erase check
        [*] Cache short names in RAM
        <*> Journalling Flash File System v2 (JFFS2) support
        (0) JFFS2 debugging verbosity (0 = quiet, 2 = noisy)
        [*] JFFS2 write-buffering support
        [ ] Verify JFFS2 write-buffer reads
        [*] JFFS2 summary support (EXPERIMENTAL)
        [ ] JFFS2 XATTR support (EXPERIMENTAL)
        [ ] Advanced compression options for JFFS2
        <*> Compressed ROM file system support (cramfs)
         SquashFS 4.0 - Squashed file system support
        [ ] Additional option for memory-constrained systems
        < > FreeVxFS file system support (VERITAS VxFS(TM) compatible)
        < > Minix file system support
        < > SonicBlue Optimized MPEG File System support
        < > OS/2 HPFS file system support
        < > QNX4 file system support (read only)
        <*> ROM file system support
        RomFS backing stores (Block device-backed ROM file system support) --
        < > System V/Xenix/V7/Coherent file system support
        < > UFS file system support (read only)
        < > NILFS2 file system support (EXPERIMENTAL)
    [*] Network File Systems --->
        Partition Types --->
    -*- Native language support --->
    < > Distributed Lock Manager (DLM) --->

4. 编译busybox生成文件系统所需要的应用程序

   1)解压busybox源码,修改Makefile使之编译成ARM平台:

#tar -jxvf busybox-1.13.0.tar.tar
#cd busybox-1.13.0
#gedit Makefile

大概164行改成CROSS_COMPILE = arm-linux- ,189行改成ARCH = arm

   2)配置busybox选项,下面只列出了要注意的地方,没有列出的默认即可

#make menuconfig

Busybox Settings --->
    General Configuration --->
            Buffer allocation policy (Allocate with Malloc) --->
        [*] Show verbose applet usage messages
        [*] Store applet usage messages in compressed form
        [*] Support --install [-s] to install applet links at runtime
        [*] Enable locale support (system needs locale for this to work)
        [*] Support for --long-options
        [*] Use the devpts filesystem for Unix98 PTYs
        [*] Support writing pidfiles
        [*] Runtime SUID/SGID configuration via /etc/busybox.conf
        [*] Suppress warning message if /etc/busybox.conf is not readable
        (/proc/self/exe) Path to BusyBox executable
    Build Options --->
        [*] Build BusyBox as a static binary (no shared libs)
        [*] Build with Large File Support (for accessing files > 2 GB)
    Installation Options --->
        [ ] Don't use /usr
            Applets links (as soft-links) --->
        (./_install) BusyBox installation prefix
    Busybox Library Tuning --->
        (6) Minimum password length
        (2) MD5: Trade Bytes for Speed
        [*] Faster /proc scanning code (+100 bytes)
        [*] Command line editing
        (1024) Maximum length of input
        [*] vi-style line editing commands
        (15) History size
        [*] History saving
        [*] Tab completion
        [*] Fancy shell prompts
        (4) Copy buffer size, in kilobytes
        [*] Use ioctl names rather than hex values in error messages
        [*] Support infiniband HW
Linux Module Utilities --->
    (/lib/modules) Default directory containing modules
    (modules.dep) Default name of modules.dep
    [*] insmod
    [*] rmmod
    [*] lsmod
    [*] modprobe
    --- Options common to multiple modutils
    [ ] Support version 2.2/2.4 Linux kernels
    [*] Support tainted module checking with new kernels
    [*] Support for module.aliases file
    [*] Support for module.symbols fileLinux System Utilities --->


   3)编译和安装busybox,安装完后会在busybox-1.13.0/_install/目录下生成:bin、linuxrc、sbin、usr

#make
#make install

5. 开始构建文件系统

   1)新建一个目录root-2.6.30.4,把busybox-1.13.0/_install/目录下生成:bin、linuxrc、sbin、usr复制过来,并且在该目录下创建文件系统所需要的其他目录

#mkdir root-2.6.30.4
#cp -rf busybox-1.13.0/_install/* root-2.6.30.4/
#cd root-2.6.30.4/
#mkdir dev etc home lib mnt opt proc tmp var www

   2)向各目录中添加文件系统所需要的目录或文件,没有提到的就不用添加。这里要注意各种文件的权限,建议都改为777,命令:#chmod 777 文件名

"dev"目录,创建两个设备文件:

#mknod console c 5 1
#mknod null c 1 3

"etc"目录,创建各种配置文件并向里面添加内容,没有列出的就不用添加:

boa/boa.conf: boa WEB服务器配置文件,暂时为空。

group: 系统用户组配置文件,内容如下:

root:*:0:
daemon:*:1:
bin:*:2:
sys:*:3:
adm:*:4:
tty:*:5:
disk:*:6:
lp:*:7:lp
mail:*:8:
news:*:9:
uucp:*:10:
proxy:*:13:
kmem:*:15:
dialout:*:20:
fax:*:21:
voice:*:22:
cdrom:*:24:
floppy:*:25:
tape:*:26:
sudo:*:27:
audio:*:29:
ppp:x:99:
500:x:500:plg
501:x:501:fa

inittab: 系统init进程配置文件,内容如下:

# /etc/inittab
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
console::askfirst:-/bin/sh
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r

mime.types: 暂时为空。

passwd: 系统密码文件,内容如下:

root::0:0:root:/:/bin/sh
ftp::14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:
bin:*:1:1:bin:/bin:
daemon:*:2:2:daemon:/sbin:
nobody:*:99:99:Nobody:/:
sky::502:502:Linux User,,,:/home/sky:/bin/sh

rc.d/init.d/httpd: 内容如下:

#!/bin/sh

base=boa

# See how we were called.
case "$1" in
  start)
        /usr/sbin/$base
        ;;
  stop)
    pid=`/bin/pidof $base`
    if [ -n "$pid" ]; then
        kill -9 $pid
    fi
        ;;
esac

exit 0

sysconfig/HOSTNAME: 主机名称文件,内容如下:

MY2440

fstab: 系统挂载文件系统列表,内容如下:

# device  mount-point   type     options     dump   fsck order
none      /proc         proc     defaults    0      0
none      /dev/pts      devpts   mode=0622   0      0
tmpfs     /dev/shm      tmpfs    defaults    0      0

init.d/rcS: 系统启动加载项,内容如下:

#!/bin/sh

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
runlevel=S
prevlevel=N
umask 022
export PATH runlevel prevlevel

#
#    Trap CTRL-C &c only in this shell so we can interrupt subprocesses.
#
/bin/mount -t proc none /proc
/bin/mount -t tmpfs none /tmp
/bin/mount -t tmpfs none /var

/bin/mkdir -p /var/log

/bin/hostname -F /etc/sysconfig/HOSTNAME

mdev.conf: mdev设备配置文件,暂时为空。

net.conf: 网络配置文件,暂时为空。

profile: 用户环境配置文件,内容如下:

# Ash profile
# vim: syntax=sh

# No core files by default
#ulimit -S -c 0 > /dev/null 2>&1

USER="`id -un`"
LOGNAME=$USER
PS1='[\u@\h \W]\# '
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib
HOSTNAME=`/bin/hostname`

export USER LOGNAME PS1 PATH LD_LIBRARY_PATH

resolv.conf: DNS配置文件,内容如下:

nameserver 61.144.56.100


"home"目录:创建一个sky目录,与etc目录passwd文件中的sky相对应

"lib"目录:这个里面放的都是库文件,直接从交叉编译器的库文件目录中拷贝过来:

#cp -f /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/lib/*so* lib/ -a



6. 使用yaffs制作工具编译构建好的文件系统。先解压mkyaffs2image.tgz(这个工具是友善提供的,可以在他们的网站上下载),会自动解压到开发主机的/usr/sbin/目录下。编译后生成的文件系统镜像root-2.6.30.4.bin也在这个目录下

#tar -zxvf mkyaffs2image.tgz
#mkyaffs2image root-2.6.30.4/ root-2.6.30.4.bin

7. 下载文件系统镜像到开发板上测试,使用情况如下:

三、结束语

    现在文件系统成功移植上去了,加上上一篇章的内核移植,至此开发板可以运行起来了。但是各种外设还不能正常使用,后续的篇章将逐步移植各种设备的驱动,使之完善。

阅读(12404) | 评论(13) | 转发(20) |
给主人留下些什么吧!~~

chinaunix网友2010-02-03 15:13:45

你好,我按照这些方法移植2.6.25.16到QQ2440V3的板子上,可为什么就是挂接不了yaffs文件系统。 Copy linux kernel from 0x00050000 to 0x30008000, size = 0x00200000 ... done zImage magic = 0x016f2818 Setup linux parameters at 0x30000100 linux command line is: "noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0" MACH_TYPE = 362 NOW, Booting Linux...... Uncompressing Linux...................................................................................................................... done, booting the kernel. Linux ve

chinaunix网友2010-01-26 08:51:39

你好 请问一个问题 yaffs2文件系统 主机名总是出错什么原因? 部分串口信息 Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected Partially written block 115 detected