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分类: LINUX

2013-10-10 18:34:08

/*共享内存允许两个或多个进程进程共享同一块内存(这块内存会映射到各个进程自己独立的地址空间)
  从而使得这些进程可以相互通信。
  在GNU/Linux中所有的进程都有唯一的虚拟地址空间,而共享内存应用编程接口API允许一个进程使
  用公共内存区段。但是对内存的共享访问其复杂度也相应增加。共享内存的优点是简易性。
  使用消息队列时,一个进程要向队列中写入消息,这要引起从用户地址空间向内核地址空间的一次复制,
  同样一个进程进行消息读取时也要进行一次复制。共享内存的优点是完全省去了这些操作。
  共享内存会映射到进程的虚拟地址空间,进程对其可以直接访问,避免了数据的复制过程。
  因此,共享内存是GNU/Linux现在可用的最快速的IPC机制。
  进程退出时会自动和已经挂接的共享内存区段分离,但是仍建议当进程不再使用共享区段时
  调用shmdt来卸载区段。
  注意,当一个进程分支出父进程和子进程时,父进程先前创建的所有共享内存区段都会被子进程继承。
如果区段已经做了删除标记(在前面以IPC——RMID指令调用shmctl),而当前挂接数已经变为0,
  这个区段就会被移除。
*/
/*
  shmget(  )  创建一个新的共享内存区段
              取得一个共享内存区段的描述符
  shmctl(  )  取得一个共享内存区段的信息
              为一个共享内存区段设置特定的信息
              移除一个共享内存区段
  shmat(  )   挂接一个共享内存区段
  shmdt(  )   于一个共享内存区段的分离
*/
//创建一个共享内存区段,并显示其相关信息,然后删除该内存共享区
#include
#include   //getpagesize(  )
#include
#include
#define MY_SHM_ID 67483
int main(  )
    {
        //获得系统中页面的大小
        printf( "page size=%d/n",getpagesize(  ) );
        //创建一个共享内存区段
        int shmid,ret;
        shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,4096,0666|IPC_CREAT );
        //创建了一个4KB大小共享内存区段。指定的大小必须是当前系统架构
        //中页面大小的整数倍
        if( shmid>0 )
            printf( "Create a shared memory segment %d/n",shmid );
        //获得一个内存区段的信息
        struct shmid_ds shmds;
        //shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,0,0 );//示例怎样获得一个共享内存的标识符
        ret=shmctl( shmid,IPC_STAT,&shmds );
        if( ret==0 )
            {
                printf( "Size of memory segment is %d/n",shmds.shm_segsz );
printf( "Numbre of attaches %d/n",( int )shmds.shm_nattch );
            }
        else
            {
                printf( "shmctl(  ) call failed/n" );
            }
        //删除该共享内存区
        ret=shmctl( shmid,IPC_RMID,0 );
        if( ret==0 )
            printf( "Shared memory removed /n" );
        else
            printf( "Shared memory remove failed /n" );
        return 0;
    }

//共享内存区段的挂载,脱离和使用
//理解共享内存区段就是一块大内存
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define MY_SHM_ID 67483
int main(  )
    {
        //共享内存区段的挂载和脱离
        int shmid,ret;
        void* mem;
        shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,0,0 );
        if( shmid>=0 )
            {
                mem=shmat( shmid,( const void* )0,0 );
                //shmat()返回进程地址空间中指向区段的指针
                if( ( int )mem!=-1 )
                    {
                        printf( "Shared memory was attached in our address space at %p/n",mem );
                        //向共享区段内存写入数据
                        strcpy( ( char* )mem,"This is a test string./n" );
                        printf( "%s/n",(char*)mem );
                        //脱离共享内存区段
                        ret=shmdt( mem );
                        if( ret==0 )
                            printf( "Successfully detached memory /n" );
                        else
                            printf( "Memory detached failed %d/n",errno );
                    }
                else
                    printf( "shmat(  ) failed/n" );
              
            }
        else
            printf( "shared memory segment not found/n" );
        return 0;
    }
/*内存共享区段与旗语和消息队列不同,一个区段可以被锁定。
  被锁定的区段不允许被交换出内存。这样做的优势在于,与其
  把内存区段交换到文件系统,在某个应用程序调用时再交换回内存,
  不如让它一直处于内存中,且对多个应用程序可见。从提升性能的角度
  来看,很重要的。
*/
int shmid;
//...
shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,0,0 );
ret=shmctl( shmid,SHM_LOCK,0 );
if( ret==0 )
    printf( "Locked!/n" );
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/*使用旗语协调共享内存的例子
  使用和编译命令
  gcc -Wall test.c -o test
  ./test create
  ./test use a &
  ./test use b &
  ./test read &
  ./test remove
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define MY_SHM_ID 34325
#define MY_SEM_ID 23234
#define MAX_STRING 200
typedef struct
{
    int semID;
    int counter;
    char string[ MAX_STRING+1 ];
}MY_BLOCK_T;
int main(int argc,char** argv)
    {
        int shmid,ret,i;
        MY_BLOCK_T* block;
        struct sembuf sb;
        char user;
        //make sure there is a command
        if( argc>=2 )
            {
                //create the shared memory segment and init it
                //with the semaphore
              if( !strncmp(argv[ 1 ],"create",6) )
                    {
                        //create the shared memory segment and semaphore
                        printf( "Creating the shared memory/n" );
                        shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,sizeof( MY_BLOCK_T ),( IPC_CREAT|0666 ) );
                        block=( MY_BLOCK_T* )shmat( shmid,( const void* )0,0 );
                        block->counter=0;
                        //create the semaphore and init
                        block->semID=semget(MY_SEM_ID,1,( IPC_CREAT|0666 ));
                        sb.sem_num=0;
                        sb.sem_op=1;
                        sb.sem_flg=0;
                        semop( block->semID,&sb,1 );
                        //now detach the segment
                        shmdt( ( void* )block );
                        printf( "Create the shared memory and semaphore successuflly/n" );
                      
                    }
                else if( !strncmp(argv[ 1 ],"use",3) )
                    {
                        /*use the segment*/
                        //must specify  also a letter to write to the buffer
                        if( argc<3 ) exit( -1 );
                        user=( char )argv[ 2 ][ 0 ];
                        //grab the segment
                        shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,0,0 );
                        block=( MY_BLOCK_T* )shmat( shmid,( const void* )0,0 );
                      
                        /*##########重点就是使用旗语对共享区的访问###########*/
                        for( i=0;i<100;++i )
                        {
                            sleep( 1 ); //设置成1s就会看到 a/b交替出现,为0则a和b连续出现
                        //grab the semaphore
                        sb.sem_num=0;
                        sb.sem_op=-1;
                        sb.sem_flg=0;
                        if( semop( block->semID,&sb,1 )!=-1 )
                            {
                                //write the letter to the segment buffer
                                //this is our CRITICAL SECTION
                                block->string[ block->counter++ ]=user;
                              
                                sb.sem_num=0;
                                sb.sem_op=1;
                                sb.sem_flg=0;
                                if( semop( block->semID,&sb,1 )==-1 )
                                    printf( "Failed to release the semaphore/n" );
                              
                            }
                        else
                            printf( "Failed to acquire the semaphore/n" );
                        }
                      
                       //do some clear work
                        ret=shmdt(( void*)block);
                      
                    }
                else if( !strncmp(argv[ 1 ],"read",4) )
                    {
                        //here we will read the buffer in the shared segment
                        shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,0,0 );
                        if( shmid!=-1 )
                            {
                                block=( MY_BLOCK_T* )shmat( shmid,( const void* )0,0 );
                                block->string[ block->counter+1 ]=0;
                                printf( "%s/n",block->string );
                                printf( "Length=%d/n",block->counter );
                                ret=shmdt( ( void*)block );
                             }
                        else
                            printf( "Unable to read segment/n" );
              
                    }
                else if( !strncmp(argv[ 1 ],"remove",6) )
                    {
                        shmid=shmget( MY_SHM_ID,0,0 );
                        if( shmid>=0 )
                            {
                                block=( MY_BLOCK_T* )shmat( shmid,( const void* )0,0 );
                                //remove the semaphore
                                ret=semctl( block->semID,0,IPC_RMID );
                                if( ret==0 )
                                    printf( "Successfully remove the semaphore /n" );
                                //remove the shared segment
                                ret=shmctl( shmid,IPC_RMID,0 );
                                if( ret==0 )
                                    printf( "Successfully remove the segment /n" );
                            }
                    }
                else
                    printf( "Unkonw command/n" );
            }
        return 0;
      
    }
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