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2008-10-15 20:58:25
七、形容词与副词的级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。
1、级的变化规律
原级即形容词和副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1)、规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
|
构成法 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
|
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est |
tall(高的) |
taller |
tallest |
|
great(巨大的) |
greater |
greatest | |
|
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st |
nice(好的) |
nicer |
nicest |
|
large(大的) |
larger |
largest | |
|
able（有能力的) |
abler |
ablest | |
|
以”一个元音字母+辅音字母”结尾的单词,且词尾为重读音节,双写辅音字母再加-er,-est |
big(大的) |
bigger |
biggest |
|
hot热的) |
hotter |
hottest | |
|
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est |
easy(容易的) |
easier |
easiest |
|
busy(忙的) |
busier |
busiest | |
|
少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er，-est |
clever(聪明的) |
cleverer |
cleverest |
|
narrow(窄的) |
narrower |
narrowest | |
|
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。 |
important(重要的) |
more important |
most mportant |
|
easily(容易地) |
more easily |
most easily |
2)、不规则变化
|
形容词 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
|
good(好的)/ well(健康的) |
better |
best | |
|
bad (坏的)/ ill(有病的) |
worse |
worst | |
|
old (老的) |
older/elder |
oldest/eldest | |
|
much/many(多的) |
more |
most | |
|
Little(少的) |
less |
least | |
|
far (远的) |
farther/further |
farthest/furthest | |
|
副词 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
|
well(好好地) |
better |
best | |
|
badly (坏地) |
worse |
worst | |
|
much (多多地) |
more |
most | |
|
Little(少少地) |
less |
least | |
|
far (远远地) |
farther/further |
farthest/furthest |
注意：many、old和far
(1)、如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词；many more +可数名词复数
(2)、old 有两种比较级和最高级形式：older/oldest 和elder/eldest。而elder/eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
(3)、far 有两种比较级，farther/further在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中，father(表示距离)，further(表示进一步)。
I have nothing further to say.
2、比较级的用法
1)、同级比较句型：当表达“与…一样…”时，就要用到同级比较句型，句型如下：
含“as形容词/副词”的句子(块1-3) + as + 块18
其中第一个as是副词，表示“…一样…”，第二个as是比较连接词，表示“和..比”，例如：
Jane works as hard as Liza does.
She was as busy as before.
The food is as good as yesterday.
He speaks English as well as I do.
She can run as fast as a deer.
She work as hard as she used to.
It’s as cold today as it was yesterday.
He swims as well as a fish.
(1)、在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
(2)、当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
①、as +形容词+ a +单数名词+ as
This is as good an example as the other is.
②、as + many/much +名词+ as
I can carry as much paper as you can.
(3)、用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词(just,almost,nearly,quite等)做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.
The gorilla(大猩猩),while not quite as curious as the chimpanzee(黑猩猩),shows more persistence and memory retention(记忆力) in solving a problem.
(4)、倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the n + of
有时还可在第一个as的前面加上表达倍数的词，此时它的作用是名词性副词，修饰第一个as。
His house is three times as large as mine.
The city has grown twice as large as it was in 1920.
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
=This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.=Your room is twice the size of mine.
注意：含有“as”结构或短语的下列句子
①、as such：表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child, and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子，必须被当作孩子对待。
②、as much：表示“与…同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍，我也会愿意把它买下的。
③、as many：表示“与…一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。
2)、不同级比较句型：表达“和…比..更(高、好、旧等)”之类时，要用比较句型：
含“形容词/副词+er”的句子+than+块18 或
含“more+形容词/副词”的句子 + than + 块18
比较句型由比较连词than两边各连接一个句子组成，主句块可以是含有“形容词/副词+er”或“more+形容词/副词”的块1、2、3，than后句子为“比句”，也可是块1、2、3。由于比句的大部分内容与主句相同，因此比句中常省略与主句相同的部分，当比句省略得只剩下一个名词的时候，than和该名词一起可被看成一介词短语，即“than+名词”。例如
I am happier than I have ever been.
She felt worse than usual.
He is stronger than I expected.
He is busier than ever.
He is in better health than last year.
He likes this one more than he likes others.
He runs faster than I do.
He can dance more gracefully than a dancer.
Now Helen works more carefully than before.
It is easier to spend money than to make money.
Health is more important than wealth.
Her pronunciation is far better than mine.
有时比较句型里也可没有比句，例如：
He will have more water.
We are doing better in English.
My English teacher often asks us to speak more English.
I like calssical music better.
注意：
1)、要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is cleverer than his brother.
2)、要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)、要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)、要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。
比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
3)、可修饰比较级的词
1)、比较级前可用a bit(稍微),a little(有点儿),any(一些),rather(相当),slightly(轻微地;稍微地;微小地),a great deal(大量),a lot(有些),many,much(很,十分,更加),等词语表示不定量；而far(非常),by far(大大地,…得多),completely,still(还),even(更加)等词语表示程度或更进一步。
It's much better. 好多了。
2)、还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词做修饰语。
3)、以上词语(除by far外)，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
Are you feeling _ any better ? (any可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级) --- Yes，I'm fine now.
The experiment was_ much easier than we had expected。(much可修饰比较级)
If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time at school.
This question is much more difficult than that one. 这个问题比那个问题难多了。
Canada is even larger than the United States.加拿大甚至比美国还大。
3、最高级的用法
常用句型：the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1)、形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
注意：形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常,极,很,十分"。
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.
2)、使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
3)、可修饰最高级的词：如quite(相当),by far,far,much,mostly(主要地),almost(几乎)等。
This hat is nearly/almost the biggest.
This is quite [much] the most expensive radio here. 这是这里最贵的收音机。
注：quite 有时也修饰比较级，但只用于quite better(身体康复)这一表达。
注意：
(1)、very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
(2)、序数词通常只修饰最高级。
(3)、句型转换：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
(4)、"否定词语+比较级"和"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4、和more有关的词组
1)、形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级，表示"越来越... "。
More and more people are using the Internet. （more and more…(数量上)越来越多）
She spends more and more time alone in her room.
I was becoming more and more irritated(生气) by his behavior.（越来越….）
It's pity he’s getting poorer and poorer.真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
2)、more or less(几乎,差不多；大概,大约)
I’ve more or less finished the book.
She could more or less earn $
3)、what is more(更有甚者,更为重要的是)
You’re wrong, and what’s more you know it!
4)、the +形容词比较级… the +形容词比较级…(越……就越……)
The more you study, the more you know.
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
5)、more B than A(与其说A不如说B)=less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
6)、no more… than…(与…一样…;不比…多)；no less… than…(与…一样…)
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
He is no less diligent than you.
7)、more than(不只是，非常)
She is more than kind to us all.
