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2008-08-10 22:06:59
8、谓语的“否定语态”
当表达“不……，不是….、不能…..”等等时，句子的谓语也要“变脸”，由于这种变脸是因为“否定”而产生的，我们把这种情况下的谓语变脸叫做“否定语态”。
He is not a teacher.
We do not work together.
He has not done the work.
These things would not happen.
We should not go by this way.
9、谓语的“疑问语态”
1)、概念
当表达“……吗？、什么….？、哪里…..？何时…..?、哪一个….?”等疑问时，句子变成了疑问句，疑问句的的谓语也要“变脸”，由于这种变脸是因为“疑问”而产生的，我们把这种情况下的谓语变脸叫做“否定语态”。
2)、疑问句谓语的疑问语态的变脸方法就是“拆分谓语”
(1)、当谓语中含有助动词是，将第一个助动词与谓语拆开放到主语前面去；
(2)、当句子中带有“什么、哪里，合适、怎样、哪个…”等疑问词时(即what、who、how、where、when、which、whose、why等)，疑问词提前；
(3)、如果“什么、哪里、何时、怎样、哪个….”等疑问词在句子中做主语，则谓语保持原样，不拆分助动词。
We should go by this way.
Should we go by this way?
How should we go？
By which way should we go?
Why should we go by this way?
He can speak English.
Can he speak English?
Why can he speak English?
He speaks English.
Does he speak English?
Why does he speak English?
(4)、“主系表”句型的疑问，其中系动词放在了主语前面，并把疑问词放在句首：
What is this?
Who are they?
How is ou mother?
注意：
A、若从句是疑问句，则其谓语不变成疑问语态，不拆分谓语，而仅是直接将疑问词if、whether、if or not、whether or not(是否)、what、who、how、where、when、which、whose、why等放在从句首，例如：
I could speak English.
He asked whether I could speak English.
It remains to be see whether or not this idea can be put into practice.
这一想法能否付诸实施还有待于观察。
He asked what English I could speak.
He asked who could speak English.
B、反疑疑问句：一个句子的提问还可以改用在句尾另加“反疑残句”来表示疑问，反疑残句的形式是：
逗号(，) + 第一助动词(系动词) + not + 主语？
若前句中谓语为否定语态时，则不加not。
Your sister has returned, hasn’t she?
Your sister hasn’t returned,has she?
This is your office,isn’t it?
This isn’t your office, is it?
C、口语中的灵活疑问：口语疑问可直接在句子的尾巴上加个问号“？”表示疑问，疑问词可不提到句首，仅凭说话语气中的疑问即可。
This is a pen?
You want some water？
You want which one?
10、谓语的“原形语态”
原形语态用在表达一个动作是“特别重点”的时候，当十分强调一个谓语的重要性是，不变脸，起到突出和强调的作用，这种多用在强烈请求、要求、希望、祈祷的句子中。这里只有两中原生态的动词：一个是系动词be，另一个是动词原形v，原形语态也可和被动语态、进行语态、疑问语态、否定语态等组合使用。
If that be so,we shall take action at once.
It’s important that he work hard.
He came to her home and demandedthat she help him.
Our decision is that this school remains closed.
We really wish that the boroken machine be repaired.
It is necessary that he be sent there at once.
It has been decided that the meeting be put off till next week.
三、非谓语零件9、10、11的语态
1、“时间语态”
to v定式短语的时间特点：to v定式短语的动作发生时间倾向于“将来”，或当前的临时性，一次性的动作。如：
To stop the work now seems impossible.
There are a lot of things to be done.
I am happy to be invited to the party.
His wish is to be a pop singer.
v-ing定式短语的时间特点
v-ing定式短语的动作发生的时间倾向于“一般现在”，或含糊不清，或经常性、长期性、习惯性、计划性的动作。如：
Smoking is not good for health. 习惯性
Finding job is difficult these days. 长期性
Nodding the head means agreement. 含糊不清
v-ed定式短语的时间特点
v-ed定式短语主要用来表达“被……”，一般不表达时间，但有时也可暗示出动作发生在过去，但要有上下文的辅助暗示。如：
Guided by the map，we toured the city.
Informed by our teacher, he came here soon.
9、10零件的“过去、完成”合并表达
9、10两零件的过去时态和完成时态是合并表达的，表示“….过”或“…完”，表达方法是在零件中加have或having。
表3中1-5、1-6、1-7、1-8公式就是在to v短语中加have，表达动作在说话时已发生过去或发生完毕，如：
I am happy to have finished my work.
It is a big mistake to have come here.
She seemed to have lost her patience.
I am sorry to have given you so much troube.
I happened to have been there once.
表3中2-4、3-5、2-6、2-7公式是v-ing的“过去、完成”时态，表达动作在说话时已发生过去或发生完毕，如：
Having finished her work makes her feel happy.
I don’t remenber having met her.
Having been a doctor, he have to keep himeself clean first.
2、“被动语态”
零件11(v-ed)已经有被动的意思，因此不再讲解。
表3中1-4、1-8公式是to v短语与“被动语态”的组合，如：
There are a lot of things to be done.
It is an honor to be awarded.
He hates to be flattered.
She asked to be given an oportunity to try her method.
She was the first one to be asked to speak.
She was sent abroad to be educated.
表3中2-3、2-7公式是v-ing与“被动语态”的组合，如：
He came here without being asked.
I did not mind being left at home.
3、“进行语态”
零件10(v-ing)已经有进行的意思，因此不再讲解。
零件9与进行语态的组合，见表3中1-3、1-7，表达“正在…..”，如：
They are said to be reading books.
He pretended to be working very hard.
I was pleased to be taling with you.
He is beliedved to be living in
4、“否定语态”
零件9、10、11前面加not、never等否定词，就是它们的“否定语态”，如：
to v短语的否定：
I told him not to do this.
It seems not to be right.
This is something not to say.
To do exercises in the morning seemed to me a rule never to be broken.
v-ing的否定：
he left，not being seen by anyone.
Not knowing how to do it，I went to her for help.
v-ed的否定：
The person not mentioned on the meeting.
5、“疑问语态”
零件9可以有疑问语态，即将疑问词放在to的前面来构成，组合公式为：
How(when、what….) + to v
I don’t know how to get there.
I want to know where to go.
I asked her why to do it.
Tell me when to start.
I don’t know how to answer the question.
The teacher told us what to read.
6、多重语态复杂组合
三非谓语动词零件可同时使用多种语态的组合,从而组合出更复杂的语态形式,见表3.
He was said to have been living in
I was happy to have been working with you.
This book is said to have been translated into several languages.
Not having heard form my mother for a long time, I am very worried.
Having been being a teacher for five years,heis very experienced in teaching.
Having been given such a fine chance,I must scratch it.
第八节 积木式英语造句法
1、积木式造句的基本步骤
1)、第一步：挑选根零件
首先把句子的最重要的主谓宾三大块找出来，并挑选一个跟零件将其造出，形成句子的最初步结构。比如：
一天，一个想喝点水的倒霉的狐狸掉进了一个深井里。
谁做了什么事?：一个狐狸、掉到、井里。
A fox fell into a well.（过去时态2-1）
2)、第二步：添加、替换新零件
用一个更大的零件替换原来的小零件，使根零复杂起来。
An unlucky fox fell into a deep well.
3)、第三步及后面步骤：重复第一、第二步
反复重复第二步，逐步向句子中添加零件。
One day an unlucky fox fell into a deep well.
One day an unlucky fox who was trying to get a drink of water fell into a deep well.
2、更多的积木式造句举例
举例1：
非正式谈话是任何商业活动的一个重要部分。
A：谁做了什么事？：谈话是一个部分。
Conversation is a part.
B：添加、替换新零件
Informal conversation is an important part.
C：重复前两步
Informal conversation is an important part of any business activity.
举例2：
刚刚进入WTO后，中国立即变成国际媒体关注的中心。
A：谁做了什么事？：中国变成中心。
B：添加、替换新零件
C：重复前两步
Upon entering WTO,
《完结》
(小注：于农历二〇〇八年八月十七零点二十八分最终完稿，未尽之内容以专题形式单列)
