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2008-08-10 22:05:30
②、宾语从句中的虚拟语态
虚拟语态常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。
A、在suggest (建议)，order (命令)，propose (建议)，insist (坚持要做)，command (命令)，request (要求)，advise (建议) 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用"should + 动词原形"(美国英语常省略should)。
The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator.
考官要求学生不要使用计算器。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.
工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。
The requested that he (should) sing a song.他们要求他唱一首歌。
常见的宾语从句中需用"should + 动词原形"的动词有：
一个坚持：insist
两个命令：order, command
三个建议：suggest, advise, propose
四个要求：demand, require, ask, desire
比较：动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句,应根据不同情况选用陈述语态或虚拟语态。
suggest做“建议”解时，用虚拟语态，做“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语态。
insist做“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语态，做“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语态。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。(暗示)
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.
他建议我坚持自己的决定。 (建议)
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.
他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。(强调)
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.
他坚持每天都要做早操。(要求)
B、用于wish后面的宾语从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
一般过去时：were/did，表示目前不可能实现的愿望
I wish I were a bird.但愿我是一只小鸟。
I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
过去完成时：had done，表示过去不可能实现的愿望
I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。
I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
过去将来时：would/could do，表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望
I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。
I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
比较：由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。
wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语态；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语态。
The students hope that their football team will win the game.
学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。(可能实现)
I wish I could see him now.
我希望现在就能看到他。 (不可能实现)
③、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语态
在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用"should + 动词原形"结构。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.
按照要求做文必须单面誊写。
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.
我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。
The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.
教育要改革的建议是合理的。
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
必背：表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有
advice(建议)；desire(愿望)；idea(意见)；order(命令)；request(请求)；demand(要求)；decision(决定)；motion(提议)；proposal(提议)；regulation(规章)；requirement(要求)；suggestion(建议)；plan(计划)等
(2)、状语从句中的虚拟语态
①、方式状语从句
由as if或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语态表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语态表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
A、表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时。
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.
这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。(这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子)
B、表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时。
I felt as though we had known each other for years.
我感觉我们好像认识多年了。(其实并没有认识多年)
C、表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could。
It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨)
He looks as if he were young.看样子他好像很年轻。(实际上他不年轻)
He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。(用陈述语态表示他就是年轻)
②、目的状语从句
A、由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用"should + 动词原形"结构，表示忧虑或目的。
Please remind e of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.
请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.
她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.
我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会。
B、在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can (could) 或may (might)。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.
为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己做出判断。
③、让步状语从句
让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语态。若从句内容表示现在或将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语态。
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.
即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。
I should say the same thing even if he were here.
即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。
However hard it might rain/rains, we shall go there together.
不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.
一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。
(3)、定语从句中的虚拟语态
在It is (high) time (that) ...结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。
It is time that the children went to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。
It is high time that we began the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。
(4)、其它句型中的虚拟语态
①、if only... 表示"如果……就好了"
If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语态，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。
If only he knew the answer.他要是知道答案就好了。
If only I could speak several foreign languages! 我要是能讲几种外语就好了！
If only you had told me the truth before.要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。
提示：only if表示"只有"；而If only也可用于陈述语态。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。
注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。
If only it would rain.愿天能下点儿雨！
= How I wish it would rain.
If only I had known her earlier!要是我早点儿认识她就好了！
= I wish I had known her earlier.
②、would rather
Would rather, would prefer, would sooner等后接从句，表示“宁愿”，动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
I would rather you left today.我宁可你今天走。
I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。
I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。
would rather 主要有两种用法：
A、后接不带to的to v短语
I'd rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。
I'd rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不去看电影。
Which would you rather have, tea or coffee? 你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡？
B、后接不用连词that的从句
I'd rather you went home now. 我希望你现在就回家。
I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
③、表示愿望的感叹句
在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。
Long live the People's Republic of
May you be happy! 祝您快乐！
God bless you!上帝保佑你！
Success attend you! 祝你成功！
The Lord save us! 愿主救我们！
④、将来、能愿助动词用于虚拟语态
部分将来、能愿助动词的过去形式 (could, might, should, would)，可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语态。
A、表示想像或猜测
If I could speak French, I would teach you.
如果我会说法语，我就能教你。(我不会，所以不能教你)
If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.
如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.这台录音机可能出毛病了。
He might have said so.他可能这样说过。
Could he have done such a foolish thing?他会做这样的傻事吗？
B、表示委婉或客气
虚拟语态 (could, would, might + 动词原形) 可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。
You could answer this email for me.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。
Could you leave me your telephone number and address?
你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？
Would you mind opening the window?劳驾把窗子打开，好吗？
You might as well put off the discussion till next week.
你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。
比较：would like to do(愿意,想要)和would like to have done(本来想)
I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)
I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。(没有谈成)
C、表示惋惜或责备
Given more time, we could have done better.
如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。(我们并没有得到更多的时间)
You could have got up a little earlier!你完全可以早点儿起来！(实际上没有早起)
It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.
昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。(但我没穿)
This wall shouldn't have been painted blue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。(但已漆了)
f the flight was on time, you should/ought to have arrived in Shanghai early this morning.如果航班准点的话，你今早就该到上海了。
I would have been happy to see him, but I didn't have time.
我会很高兴和他见面的，但我没时间见他。
If your father had still been alive, he would have felt very proud of you.
你父亲如果还健在的话，他会为你骄傲的。
You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier.
如果你早一点儿起床的话，你准能赶上那一班公共汽车了。(事实上没有赶上公共汽车)
He must have won the game if he had been careful enough.如果他足够细心，他准能赢得比赛。
⑤、在表示“希望、打算”等动词 (如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等) 的过去式后，可接to v短语的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我原想来拜访你的，但没来成。
I expected to have met him here last night.
我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。(但没做到)
We meant to have stayed there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。
I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.
我原想写一封信给她，但忘记了。
I hope to have met him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up.
我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。
We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out.
我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。
The plane was to have taken off at 9:00, but something went wrong.
飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。
注意：当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语态的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语态的地方都用陈述语态代替。
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.
他建议我们立刻去医院。(原应用should go)
We shall write down the address lest we forget.
我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。(原应用should forget)
Imagine you are an astronaut.
设想你是个宇航员。(原应用were)
