分类：
2008-08-10 21:47:31
(4)、since, ever since
①、since自……以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。
It has been just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚刚一星期。
Where have you been since I last saw you?自上次我见过你之后，你去了哪里？
Since she was young, she has been collecting stamps.她自年轻时起就一直集邮至今。
注意：
A、有时since从句中也可以用延续性动词，注意它的译法。
Tom is now working on the farm. It's two years since he was a college student.
汤姆现在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两年了。
B、since还可以用做副词或介词。
The big clock was damaged during the war and has been silent (ever) since.
这只大钟在战争中损坏了，从此就一直不响了。
You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.
你们自毕业以来已经在工作中取得了巨大成就。
They have been good friends since then(自那时以来).从那时起他们就一直是好朋友。
②、ever since从那时起直至现在，此后一直。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长，语气比since强。
Ever since they got married in 1950, they have lived happily.
自1950年结婚以来，他们一直生活得很幸福。
(5)、as soon as…..
as soon as...可译为“一……就……”，用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。
He will come and see you as soon as he can.他一有空就来看你。
He rushed home as soon as he got the good news.他一得到这个好消息就奔回家。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.我一接她的信就通知你。
Tell him the news as soon as you see him.你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。
(6)、immediately,instantly,directly
这几个词都表示”[主英]一...<就..>”，相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时。
They phoned her immediately they reached home.他们一到家马上就给她打了电话。
I came immediately I heard the news.我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。
I came instantly I saw the need.我一发觉有必要走一遭马上就来了。
I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。
We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。
He came directly I called.我打了电话他就来了。
注意：“一…就…”还可以用on/upon doing结构来表示。
On arriving home he called up Lester.
= As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.
他一到家就给莱斯特打电话。
(7)、the moment, the minute, the instant, the second
这几个名词短语也可用做连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一…(就)…”。
He said he'd turn on TV the moment(that) he got tome.他说他一到家就打开电视机。
The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call.我一干完就给你打电话。
I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives.他一到来我就要见他。
Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.告诉他，他一到我就要见他。
You see the lightning the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
闪电一发生你立刻就能看到.但听到雷声要晚一些.
The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.
铃一响，学生就冲出了教室。
(8)、hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than...
这两个短语都表示“刚一…就…(一…就…)”，可以互换，主句通常用过去完成时。
He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.他刚出发就想起家来。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.我一到家就下起雨来了。
He had hardly started his speech when someone rose to refute his points.
他刚开始发言，就有人站起来反驳他的论点。
I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.
(9)、once表示“一旦…..”
once做连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，引导的从句较短。
Once you see him, you will never forget him.你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。
Once it is gone, you will never get it back.一旦失去，你就再也得不到它了。
(10)、(the)next time(下次), the first time, (the)last time(上次), each/every time(每次), any time(随时)
I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him.我下一次见到他时,我就把这个情况告诉他.
Next time you’re in London come and visit us.你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。
He left me a good impression the first time I met him.
我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。
The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough.上一次我和鲍勃说话时，他看上去很开心。
He didn’t tell me anything the last time I saw him.上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。
Each time she moved her head she let out a moan.她每转动一下头，就发出一声呻吟。
Every time I listen to music, I’ll think of it.每当我听音乐，我就想起这事。
You can call me any time you want to.你随时都可以给我打电话。
注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
(11)、by the time
by the time以可以引导时间状语从句，意为“到……时为止”，主句一般要用完成时态。
By the time, he was hopelessly pickled.到这时他已经烂醉如泥了.
By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.(从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时)
爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。
I shall have finished my work by the time you return.
(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时)
在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。
2)、表达“地点”的连接词
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever和everywhere等引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。
(1)、where在…地方，去…地方。
Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
I found my books where I had left them.我的书在我原来放的地方找到了。
You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.
哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。
Where I live there are plenty of trees. (这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)
我住的地方树很多。
(2)、wherever无论到哪儿，无论在哪里，是where的强势语。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
Wherever you go, you should do your work well.不论到什么地方，都要把工作做好。
You may sit down wherever you like.你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
Wherever one goes, there's always a spy hanging about.
不管你走到哪里,总有密探跟着。
(3)、everywhere(每个地方)
Everywhere they went, they were kindly received.他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。
Everywhere I go，I find the same thing.不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。
(4)、anywhere(任何地方)
I’ll take you anywhere you like.你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。
3)、表达“目的”的连接词
目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so that, in order that，lest
(1)、in order that, so,so that, that
表示“为了，以便”，that语气较弱，用的较少，多用so that或in order that，一般放在主句之后，in order that引导的从句可放在主句之前。
In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.
为了使在场的每个人都能听清楚，她再次提高了声音。
You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.(以便)
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better.拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。
Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live.
人生存不是为了吃饭，而吃饭是为了生存。
Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly.咱们坐前排，以便看得清楚点。
注意：当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的to v短语结构。
We got up early so that we would arrive in time.
→We got up early so as to arrive in time. 为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.
→They hurried so as not to miss the train. 他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable computer.
→Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer.贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。
(2)、in case, for fear that, lest这几个短语都具有“以防”，“以免”的意思。
Take an umbrella (just)in case it rains. 带把伞，以防下雨。
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby.安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。
Better take more clothes for fear that the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
He walked fast for fear that he should be late.他走得很快，以免迟到。
We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry.
我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。
I was afraid lest the new bike should be stolen.我担心新自行车会被偷走。
4)、表达“结果”的连接词
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有so/such...that,so (that),that等。结果状从句通常置于主句之后。
(1)、so(conj.①、因此,所以②、因而,从而),so that(如此...以至于),that
三词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用，so或that常用于事或非正式文体中。
I didn't plan the work well, so I didn't finish it in time.
我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。
The manager was ill so I went in her place.经理病了所以我代她去。
All here now, so that the meeting can begin at last.我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。
The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in.
房间里挤满了人，我们进不去。 (so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开)
What has happened that you look so worried? 发生了什么事，使你显得如此担心？
(2)、so...that如此…以致于…，其引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
①、so+形容词/副词+that从句
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
He left so fast that we couldn’t catch up with him.
②、so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句
He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.
他发表了如此鼓舞人心的演讲以致大家都很激动。
It’s so difficult a question that none of us can answer it.
那是一个很难的问题，我们没有一个人能回答。
③、 so+many/few +复数名词+that从句
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
④、so+much/little+不可数名词+that从句
I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.
我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。
He drank so much wine last night that he felt terrible.
昨晚他喝了那么多的酒，他觉得很不舒服。
比较：so that可以引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句，其主要区别是目的状语从句动词前要用may (might), can (could), should和would等将来、能愿助动词。另外，结果状语从句放在主句后，且前面有逗号。
He ran quickly so that he might catch the first bus. (目的状语从句，含将来/能愿助动词)
他快跑，目的是赶上头班公共汽车。
He ran quickly, so that he caught the first bus. 他跑得很快，结果赶上了头班公共汽车。
(结果状语从句，不含将来/能愿助动词，前面用逗号)
(3)、such...that表示“如此…以至于…”引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
①、 such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
②、such+形容词+复数名词+that从句
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.
他说出了这么重要的理由，得到了大家的谅解。
They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.
这些是十分有意思的小说，大家都想看。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
提示：
★so many已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能和such搭配。
★"such+a/an+形容词+单数名词"结构可以和"so+形容词+a/an+单数名词"结构可互换。
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
→He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事，大家都笑了。
→The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.
他给我们讲的故事是如此有趣，大家都笑了。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
③、such+形容词+不可数名词+that从句
He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.
他的进步很快，老师表扬了他。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.
他关窗子用了那么大的劲，玻璃都碎了。
④、such that
such that可以连用，意思是“(是)这样……以致……”。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他勃然大怒，以致不能自制。
Mother's answer was such that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no.
妈妈的回答就是这样，既没有同意也没有不同意。
比较：such...that...与such...as...:
She had such a fright that she fainted. 她吓得昏了过去。(结果状语从句)
Luckily such earthquakes as can cause a lot of damage do not happen very often.
很幸运，这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。(定语从句)
