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2008-11-14 00:26:20

在介绍CISCO路由器IOS升级方法前,有必要对Cisco路由器的存储器的相关知识作 以简单介绍。路由器与计算机相似,它也有内存和操作系统。在Cisco路由器中,其操作系统
叫做互连网操作系统(Internetwork OperatingSystem),常简称为IOS。路由器的存储器主要有:
     ROM:只读存储器包含路由器正在使用的IOS的一份副本;
     RAM:IOS将随机访问存储器分成共享和主存。主要用来存储运行中的路由器配置和与路由协议有关的IOS数据结构;
     FLASH (闪存):用来存储IOS软件映像文件,闪存是可以擦除内存,它能够用IOS的新版本覆写,IOS升级主要是闪存中的IOS映像文件进行更换。
     NVRAM:非易失性随机访问存储器,用来存储系统的配置文件。
     IOS升级方法一
     在对能够正常启动的CISCO路由器的IOS进行升级时,比较简单。具体步骤如下:
     1、寻找一种TFTP服务器软件(有CISCO公司的TFTPServer或3COM公司的3Cserver等,在升级较大IOS映象文件时,建议 用3Cserver),安装在一台计算机上,将要升级的IOS
映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中(例:D:\),并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置 Root目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录(如D:\)。假设该计算机的IP地址为10.32.10.1;
     2、连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC的超级终端软件访问路由器,将路由器的地址设为10.32.10.32(与计算机的IP地址同网段即可)。建议在进行IOS升级前将
原有IOS文件备份下来,防止待升级的IOS文件存在问题不可用;
     Router# dir flash:     (查看目前IOS映象文件名,也可用Router#Show version)
     Directory of flash:/
     1  -rw-    5998292             ;  C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
     8388608 bytes total (2390252 bytes free)
     Router#copy flash tftp           (备份IOS文件)
     Source filename []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
     Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1   (TFTP服务器地址)
     Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
     …
     !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
     5998292 bytes copied in 324.071 secs (18509 bytes/sec)
     Router#
     3、对路由器进行IOS升级;
     Router#copy tftp flash
     Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1      (TFTP服务器地址)
     Source filename []? c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin        (需升级的新IOS映象文件名)
     Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
     Do you want to over write? [confirm]
     Accessing tftp://10.32.10.1/c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin...
     Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
     Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files!Continue? [confirm]
     Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee...erasedee
     Erase of flash: complete
     Loading c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin from 10.32.10.1 (viaEthernet0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!  
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
     !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
     [OK - 5998292 bytes]
     Verifying checksum...  OK (0xA0C0)
     5998292 bytes copied in 318.282 secs (18846 bytes/sec)
     Router#

     IOS升级方法二
     由于升级失败后或者路由器的config-register寄存器值为0x2101时,开启路由器时、或者在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电 源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路
由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即Router(boot)>;,在这种情形 下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,也比较简单。首先进入特权模式下,即
     Router(boot)>;en
     Router(boot)#
     其他升级步骤同方法一,即:执行copy tftp flash命令,对IOS进行升级。升级完成后,不要忘了修改config-register寄存器值为0x2102(恢复正常值)。
     Router(boot)# t
     Router(boot)( config)# config-register 0x2102
     Router(boot)( config)#exit
     Router(boot)#wr
     Router(boot)#reload      
     重启即可。

     IOS升级方法三
     由于不小心使用了命令erase flash或升级失败后或在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入 rom监
视模式,即 rommon 1>;,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,情况要稍微复杂一点。在rommon 1>;状态下,可键?请求帮助。(1为命令行序号,每执行1条命令自动加1)
     rommon 1 >; ?
     alias              set and display aliases command
     boot               boot up an external process
     break              set/show/clear the breakpoint
     confreg            configuration register utility
     cont               continue executing a downloaded image
     context            display the context of a loaded image
     cookie             display contents of cookie PROM in hex
     dev                list the device table
     dir                list files in file system
     dis                display instruction stream
     dnld               serial download a program module
     frame              print out a selected stack frame
     help               monitor builtin command help
     history            monitor command history
     meminfo            main memory information
     repeat             repeat a monitor command
     reset              system reset
     set                display the monitor variables
     stack              produce a stack trace
     sync               write monitor environment to NVRAM
     sysret             print out info from last system return
     tftpdnld           tftp image download
     unalias            unset an alias
     unset              unset a monitor variable
     xmodem             x/ymodem image download
     rommon 2 >;
     在rommon 1>;状态下有两种升级IOS方法。
     ㈠、通过Xmodem命令(注:Xmodem与实际的modem没有任何联系 只是一个传输协议 数据是通过终端的串口和路由器的Console口灌进去的)升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
     1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器,这时不需要对PC和路由器配置任何地址。
     2、在这个模式下,输入Xmodem命令,即:
     rommon 2 >; xmodem -c c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
     (-c是带校验,c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin为存放在PC机上的IOS映像文件)
     WARNING: All existing data in bootflash will be lost!
     Invoke this application only for disaster recovery.
     Do you wish to continue?y/n  [n]:  y
     Ready to receive file c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin ...     (此时在超级终端的传送栏目=>; 选择发送文件选项 =>; 再选择Xmodem 并指明IOS映像文件所在的路径,按发送
即开始上传IOS,等待时间很长,视IOS的大小和传输速度。)
     Erasing flash at 0x607c0000
     program flash location 0x605b0000
     Download Complete!
     传完以后,对整个系统初始化 显示如下:
     program load complete, entry point: 0x80008000, size:0x5b85e0
     Self decompressing the image :#################################################
     ################################################# [OK]
     Smart Init is disabled. IOMEM set to: 10
     Using iomem percentage: 10
     Restricted Rights Legend
     Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
     subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
     (c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
     Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
     (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data andComputer
     Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.
     cisco Systems, Inc.
     170 West Tasman Drive
     San Jose, California 95134-1706
     Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
     IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version12.2(11)T9,  RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
     TAC Support:
     Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc.
     Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong
     Image text-base: 0x8000809C, data-base: 0x80A68B48
     cisco 2610 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with22528K/2048K bytes of memory
     Processor board ID JAD03483395 (1128032249)
     M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
     Bridging software.
     X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
     1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
     2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
     32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
     8192K bytes of processor board System flash(Read/Write)
     Press RETURN to get started!
     *Mar  1 00:00:05.652: %PA-2-UNDEFPA:Undefined Port Adaptor type 100 inbay 1
     *Mar  1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN:Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
     *Mar  1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN:Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
     *Mar  1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN:Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
     *Mar  1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
     *Mar  1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
     *Mar  1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
     *Mar  1 00:00:09.458: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I:Configured from memory by console
     *Mar  1 00:00:11.245: %LINK-5-CHANGED:Interface Serial0/1, changed state to administratively down
     *Mar  1 00:00:12.275: %SYS-5-RESTART: Systemrestarted --Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
     IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version12.2(11)T9,  RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
     TAC Support:
     Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc.
     Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong
     *Mar  1 00:00:12.279: %SNMP-5-COLDSTART:SNMP agent on host NE16 is undergoing a cold start
     Router>;
     采用这种方法时,由于使用console口来传送,速率为9600bps,需要时间较长。因此可修改console口速率利用xmodem命令实现快速升级IOS。具体方法如下:
     rommon 1 >; confreg 回车
     Configuration Summary
     enabled are:
     load rom after netboot fails
     console baud: 9600
     boot: image specified by the boot system commands
     or default to: cisco2-C2600
     do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
     enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
     enable "use net in IP bcast address"? y/n[n]: n (选择 no)
     disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n[n]: n (选择 no)
     enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n(选择 no)
     enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n(选择 no)
     enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]:n (选择 no)
     change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
     enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
     4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7 (选择 7,用最大的11520
     速率的xmodem传输)
     change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
     Configuration Summary
     enabled are:
     load rom after netboot fails
     console baud: 115200
     boot: image specified by the boot system commands
     or default to: cisco2-C2600
     do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
     You must reset or power cycle for new config to takeeffect
     rommon 2 >; reset 回车
     注意:在按reset键前,需要修改串口速度(我的电脑---端口属性----串口速度调为115200),然后再修改超级终端里设置速率为 115200,记住,一定要这么做,否则会出
现乱码! 然后关闭这个超级终端,重新建立一个超级终端连接,重新启动系统后,出现
     rommon 1>; 提示符
     然后,输入
     rommon 1>; xmodem -r
     Do not start the sending program yet...
     Invoke this application only for disaster recovery.
     Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
     Ready to receive file ...

     此时,在超级终端的菜单上的“传送”---“发送文件”----选择IOS映像文件所在地以及选择使用“xmodem”协议,点击“发送”即可。等 待10-20分钟左右就可升级完3-6M
的IOS文件!待升级完成后,请记住修改回计算机串口与超级终端、路由器confreg下的xmodem等传输速 率为9600bps。
     方法如下:
     Router>;en 进入新IOS的特权模式
     Router#reload 重启系统
     Proceed with reload? [confirm] 回车
     00:01:04: %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested
     System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)
     Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
     TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info
     PC = 0xfff0a530,Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x680127b0
     C2600 platform with 24576 Kbytes of main memory
     PC = 0xfff0a530,Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x80004684          
     monitor: command "boot" aborted due to userinterrupt      
     30秒内按ctrl+break键
     rommon 1 >; confreg ( 输入“confreg”命令)
     Configuration Summary
     enabled are:
     load rom after netboot fails
     console baud: 115200
     boot: image specified by the boot system commands
     or default to: cisco2-C2600
     do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
     enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
     enable "use nn IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n(选择 no)
     disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n[n]: n (选择 no)
     enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n(选择 no)
     enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n(选择 no)
     enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]:n (选择 no)
     change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
     enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
     4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [7]: 0 (选择 0,改回用标准速率速率9600的xmodem传输)
     change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
     Configuration Summary
     enabled are:
     load rom after netboot fails
     console baud: 9600
     boot: image specified by the boot system commands
     or default to: cisco2-C2600
     do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n
     You must reset or power cycle for new config to takeeffect
     rommon 2 >;
     此时手工改回计算机串口与超级终端2者传输速率为9600
     然后敲入
     rommon 2 >;reset
     最好关掉电源后,重新启动。利用xmodem命令实现路由器IOS升级速度较慢,往往等上很长时间,为了快速升级,可以采用下列方法。
     ㈡通过tftpdnld命令升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
     1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器;用一根双绞线连接路由器的eth0/0口与PC机的网卡。
     2、将路由器的eth0/0口IP地址设为10.32.10.32;PC机的IP地址设为10.32.10.1。将要升级的IOS映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中,并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root
目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录。
     3、通过set 命令查看配置参数
     rommon 2 >; set
     PS1=rommon ! >;
     BOOT=
     BSI=0
     RET_2_RTS=
     ?=0
     4、在 rommon 状态下输入:(注意大小写)
     rommon 3 >;IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1            (路由器的ip地址)
     rommon 4 >;IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0     (路由器的掩码)
     rommon 5 >;DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32     (缺省网关,是pc机的ip地址)
     rommon 6 >;TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32         (是pc机的ip地址)
     rommon 7 >;TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN    (上传ios文件的名称)
     rommon 8>;sync                           (保存参数配置)
     rommon 9 >;set                            (查看)
     rommon 10 >; set
     PS1=rommon ! >;
     BOOT=
     IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1
     IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0
     DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32
     TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32
     TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
     BSI=0
     RET_2_RTS=
     ?=0
     rommon 11 >;tftpdnld
     执行tftpdnld命令进行ios升级,有时可能会报错或命令不执行,这时只要用sync命令保存配置后,重新启动路由器(最好关掉电源再开机)后,再执行tftpdnld命令就可以
了。
     rommon 11 >;tftpdnld(传送文件)出现提示选择y
     IP_ADDRESS: 10.32.10.1
     IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.255.0
     DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 10.32.10.32
     TFTP_SERVER: 10.32.10.32
     TFTP_FILE: C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
     Invoke this command for disaster recovery only.
     WARNING: all existing data in all partitions on flashwill be lost!
     Do you wish to continue?y/n:  [n]:  y
     Receiving C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN      from10.32.10.32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
     …
     !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
     File reception completed.
     Copying file C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN to flash.
     Erasing flash at 0x607c0000
     program flash location 0x605b0000
     rommon 13 >;
     在rommon 13 >;提示符下键入reset,或重新启动路由器(power-cycle),进入正常引导状态,即:
     Router>;
     笔者在Cisco2500、2600、7200等系列路由器上均实际操作过,以上为在Cisco2610路由器上实际操作捕获或截屏,所配地址只是 特例,大家可根据实际需要予以修改。最后
建议:大家在作正常路由器系统升级时,为防止不正确操作等引起的升级失败,请先把路由器原有的系统备份下来,包括 FLASH中IOS和NVRAM中的配置文件。
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