一、 环境配置
primary:
IP:192.168.0.120
CPU:2个Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.80GHz (HT)
Mem:2G
Swap:4G
Disk:130G
DB:Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.1.0.3.0 - Prod
OS:Linux oracle 2.4.21-20.ELsmp #1 SMP
standby:
IP:192.168.0.101
Cup:2个Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.40GHz (HT)
Mem:2G
Swap:2G
Disk:66G
DB:Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.1.0.3.0 - Prod
OS:Linux boss-3 2.4.21-15.ELsmp #1 SMP
Primary为正在使用的生产数据库,standby安装oracle软件,但不建立数据库。
二、 建立物理备用数据库
1. 准备主库的oracle环境:
编辑oracle用户的$HOME/.bash_profile文件,oracle相关环境变量如下:
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_SID=BOSS; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.1.0/Db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/usr/lib
DISPLAY=10.1.9.59:0.0; export DISPLAY
NLS_LANG=american_america.ZHS16CGB231280; export NLS_LANG
2. 修改主库为归档模式
建立归档目录:
mkdir -p /u02/oradata/BOSS/arch
修改归档模式:
archive log list;
create pfile from spfile;
编辑$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initBOSS.ora
添加下面一行
log_archive_dest_1='location=/u02/oradata/BOSS/arch'
sqlplus /nolog
conn sys as sysdba
shutdown immediate;
create spfile from pfile;
startup nomount;
alter database mount;
alter database archivelog;
alter database open;
3. 对主数据库做一次完整热备份,获得备用数据库数据
RMAN>connect target
RMAN> backup database format='/home/oracle/%U_%s.bak';
RMAN> sql "Alter System Archive Log Current";
RMAN> Backup filesperset 10 ArchiveLog all format='/home/oracle/%U_%s.bak';
cd /home/oracle
scp *.bak 192.168.0.101:/home/oracle/
4. 在standby服务器准备环境与primary相同
编辑oracle用户的$HOME/.bash_profile文件,oracle相关环境变量如下:
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_SID=BOSS; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.1.0/Db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/usr/lib
DISPLAY=10.1.9.59:0.0; export DISPLAY
NLS_LANG=american_america.ZHS16CGB231280; export NLS_LANG
5. 准备相应目录,如日志文件路径,归档路径,参数文件路径,数据文件准备存放路径等
$mkdir -p /u02/oradata/BOSS
$mkdir -p /u02/oradata/BOSS /arch
$mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/BOSS
$mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/BOSS/bdump
$mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/BOSS/cdump
$mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/BOSS/udump
6. 建立备用数据库参数文件
主库的参数如下:
BOSS.__db_cache_size=339738624
BOSS.__java_pool_size=33554432
BOSS.__large_pool_size=4194304
BOSS.__shared_pool_size=218103808
*.background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/BOSS/bdump'
*.compatible='10.1.0.2.0'
*.control_files='/u02/oradata/BOSS/control01.ctl','/u02/oradata/BOSS/control02.ctl','/u02/oradata/BOSS/control03.ctl'
*.core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/BOSS/cdump'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16
*.db_name='BOSS'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=2147483648
*.db_writer_processes=4
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=BOSSXDB)'
*.global_names=FALSE
*.java_pool_size=32M
*.job_queue_processes=10
*.license_max_users=250
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u02/oradata/BOSS/arch'
*.log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=dbstandby LGWR'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=199229440
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=598736896
*.undo_management='AUTO'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/BOSS/udump'
*.utl_file_dir='/u01/app/oracle/admin/BOSS/bdump'
与主数据库不一样的参数如下:
#standby database parameter
standby_file_management=AUTO
remote_archive_enable=TRUE
standby_archive_dest='/u02/oradata/BOSS/arch'
fal_server='DBPRIMARY'
fal_client='DBSTANDBY'
7. 从主服务器拷贝口令文件到备用服务器
$cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/
$scp orapwBOSS 192.168.0.101: /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/dbs
8. 配置网络连接
修改主服务器的
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/network/admin/listener.ora文件如下:
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC))
)
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle)(PORT = 1521))
)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = PLSExtProc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1)
(PROGRAM = extproc)
)
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = BOSS)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1)
(SID_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
LISTENERDB =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.120)(PORT = 1522))
)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENERDB =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = BOSS)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1)
(SID_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
$lsnrctl start
$lsnrctl status 查看监听状态.
修改主服务器的
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora文件如下:
BOSS =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PLSExtProc)
(PRESENTATION = RO)
)
)
DBPRIMARY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.120)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
DBSTANDBY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.101)(PORT = 1522))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
修改备用服务器的
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/network/admin/listener.ora文件如下:
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.101)(PORT = 1521))
)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = BOSS)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1)
(SID_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
LISTENERDB =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.101)(PORT = 1522))
)
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENERDB =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = BOSS)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1)
(SID_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
修改备用服务器的
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora文件如下:
DBPRIMARY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.120)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
DBSTANDBY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.101)(PORT = 1522))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = BOSS)
)
)
在这里配置两个监听,一个用于主服务器到备用服务器的连接,端口是1522,
另外一个用于日后的切换需要,默认端口1521。
启动1522 的端口
$lsnrctl start listenerdb
$lsnrctl status listenerdb 查看1522 端口上监听的状态.
测试:
在主和备用机上分别执行
tnsping dbprimary
tnsping dbstandby
9. 在主数据库创建备用服务器控制文件
alter database create standby controlfile as '/home/oracle/standby.ctl';
创建后将控制文件cp(rcp or scp)到备用数据库所在的控制文件目录下。
如$ scp control01.ctl 192.168.0.101:/u02/oradata/BOSS/
cp /u02/oradata/BOSS/control01.ctl /u02/oradata/BOSS/control02.ctl
cp /u02/oradata/BOSS/control01.ctl /u02/oradata/BOSS/control03.ctl
10. 启动备用数据库
conn sys as sysdba
create spfile from pfile;
startup nomount;
alter database mount standby database;
恢复数据库:
RMAN> connect target;
RMAN> restore database;
RMAN> restore archivelog all;
如果有恢复的日志并想手工恢复,可以运行如下命令
SQL>recover automatic standby database;
如果过程中出现如下类似错误,则可以忽略
ORA-00279: change 50775 generated at 06/08/2004 21:57:21 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : /u01/oracle/oradata/tbdb/archive/1_5.dbf
ORA-00280: change 50775 for thread 1 is in sequence #5
ORA-00278: log file '/u01/oracle/oradata/tbdb/archive/1_5.dbf' no longer needed
for this recovery
ORA-00308: cannot open archived log '/u01/oracle/oradata/tbdb/archive/1_5.dbf'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
因为最后需要的日志根本没有从主数据库送过来
进入到后台管理恢复状态
SQL>alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
三、采用Lgwr进程传递联日志机的最大性能模式
1. 在备用数据库上创建备用日志
alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 5 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo05.log') size 10m;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 6 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo06.log') size 10m;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 7 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo07.log') size 10m;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 8 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo08.log') size 10m;
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
2. 修改主库的归档路径
alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=dbstandby LGWR' scope=both;
另外,如果考虑到以后该库可能被切换到备用数据库,也可以创建同样的备用日志
组:
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 5 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo05.log') size 10m;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 6 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo06.log') size 10m;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 7 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo07.log') size 10m;
alter database add standby LOGFILE GROUP 8 ('/u02/oradata/BOSS/stdy_redo08.log') size 10m;
四、验证备用服务器是否工作
在主库上:
create user test identified by ftp123;
grant connect,resource to test;
conn test/ftp123@primary;
create table test(name varchar2(20));
insert into test values('hi, Data Guard');
commit;
conn / as sysdba;
alter system switch logfile;
查看从库日志
以只读方式打开从库查看 insert into test values('hi, Data Guard'); 已经生效。
conn / as sysdba;
alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
alter database open read only;
conn test/ftp123
select * from test;
再次设置从库在恢复模式:
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
五、日常管理
1. 备用服务器的管理模式与只读模式
(1)启动到管理模式
SQL>shutdown immediate;
SQL>startup nomount;
SQL>alter database mount standby database;
SQL>alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
(2)启动到只读方式
SQL>shutdown immediate;
SQL>startup nomount;
SQL>alter database mount standby database;
SQL>alter database open read only;
(3)如果在管理恢复模式下到只读模式
SQL>recover managed standby database cancel;
SQL>alter database open read only;
这个时候,可以给数据库增加临时数据文件(这个在热备份的时候是没有备份过来的)
如
alter tablespace temp add tempfile '/u02/oradata/BOSS/temp01.dbf' size 100M;
(4)从只读方式到管理恢复方式
SQL>recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
2. 备用服务器日志删除
备用服务器的日志删除也必须小心,因为如果有些日志还没有被备用服务器应用而该日志被
删除的话,将引起备用数据库无法往下应用新的日志。
删除备用服务器的日志的脚本为:
#!/bin/sh
# set env
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
# start remove
cd $HOME/dbbat
grep "Media Recovery Log" $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/bdump/alert_${ORACLE_SID}.log | awk '{print $4}'|sed -e 's/^/rm /' > rmarch
log.sh
chmod +x ./rmarchlog.sh
./rmarchlog.sh
cd $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/bdump
cat alert_${ORACLE_SID}.log >>alert_${ORACLE_SID}.log.bak
echo ''>alert_${ORACLE_SID}.log
rm -f ./rmarchlog.sh
3. 日志延迟检查
备用服务器可能有这样的情况发生,因为日志块逻辑损坏,所以必须对日志应用进行检查,
防止日志应用被停止,防患于未然,当然我们可以手工检查,但是以下脚本则可以实现自动
检查(放到cron中)
#!/bin/bash
# set env
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
# start check
DATE=`date +%Y-%m-%d:%H:%M:%S`
filepath=/u02/oradata/$ORACLE_SID/arch/
logpath=$ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/bdump
remotefile=`ssh oracle@192.168.0.120 "ls -t /u02/oradata/BOSS/arch/*|head -1|sed -e 's/.*_1_//g' |sed -e 's/.arc$//g'"`
echo "CHECK TIME:"${DATE}
echo
echo "remote file : "$remotefile
cd $filepath
varfile=`ls -t | head -1|sed -e 's/.*_1_//g' |sed -e 's/.arc$//g'`
echo "archive file : "$filepath$varfile
cd $logpath
varlog=`grep "Media Recovery Log" alert_${ORACLE_SID}.log | awk '{print $4}' | tail -1 |sed -e 's/.*_1_//g' | sed -e 's/.arc$//g'`
echo "applice file : "$varlog
echo
echo >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
echo "CHECK TIME:"${DATE} >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
echo >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
echo "remote file : "$remotefile >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
echo "archive file : "$filepath$varfile >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
echo "applice file : "$varlog >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
echo >> $HOME/dblog/check_DG_log.log
六、主库与备库的正常切换
注意:Swithover时只能先从Primary切到Standby,再从Standby切到Primary.
以下顺序不能颠倒,如果采用standby redo log的需要注意在切换前在主数据库创建同样的standby redo log。
1.切换之前先要准备init参数文件
最简单的办法就是把两个数据库的文件互换,在一个机器上同时保留主数据库的初始化文件
与备用数据库的初始化文件。
2. 从Primary切换到standby的脚本:
[oracle@db worksh]$ more swithstandby.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
sqlplus /nolog < connect / as sysdba
alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
shutdown immediate;
create spfile from '/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/dbs/inittbdbsdby.ora';
startup nomount;
alter database mount standby database;
recover managed standby database disconnect;
exit
EOF
lsnrctl stop
lsnrctl start listenerdb
3. 修改主端的tnsnames.ora 将主库IP:192.168.0.120 与备库IP:192.168.0.101 对换(即120 与 101 对调即可)
4. 从standby切换到primary的脚本:
$ more switchprimary.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_primary
sqlplus /nolog < connect / as sysdba
alter database commit to switchover to primary;
shutdown immediate;
create spfile from '/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/dbs/inittbdbprim.ora';
startup;
exit
EOF
lsnrctl stop listenerdb
lsnrctl start
5. 修改备用端的tnsnames.ora 将主库IP:192.168.0.120 与备库IP:192.168.0.101 对换(即 120 与 101 对调即可)
这样切换的要求是主机和备机各有两个listener, listener 监听1521,listenerdb 监听1522(见
上面的配置过程),任何一个节点,在primary期间启动listener, standby 期间启动listenerdb。
连接data guard的客户端的tnsnames配置,这样就可以实现失败切换,对客户端是透明的:
BOSS =
(DESCRIPTION =
(failover = on )
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 主)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 备)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = BOSS)
)
七、备库的失败切换
1. 失败切换
一般指主服务器已经不能使用,必须切换到备用服务器,所以,只操作备用服务器这一
端,以下提供一切换脚本
$ more switchprimary.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
sqlplus /nolog < connect / as sysdba
recover managed standby database cancel;
-- if standby have Standby redo logfile
--alter database recover managed standby database finish;
-- else
alter database recover managed standby database finish skip standby logfile;
-- switch
alter database commit to switchover to primary;
-- open
shutdown immediate;
create spfile from '/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/dbs/inittbdbprim.ora';
startup;
exit
EOF
lsnrctl stop listenerdb
lsnrctl start
最后改tnsnames.ora 将主库IP:192.168.0.120 与备库IP:192.168.0.101 对换(即120 与101 对调即可)
说明:
(1)如果在备用端有活动的未归档的日志,或者有从主数据库拷贝过来的联机日志,可以采
用如下的办法注册并恢复
SQL> ALTER DATABASE REGISTER LOGFILE '/u01/oracle/oradata/tbdb/archive/1_87.dbf';
SQL>recover standby database;
(2)如果有活动日志,必须用
alter database recover managed standby database finish;
否则用
alter database recover managed standby database finish skip standby logfile;
这样切换的备用服务器可以避免最小的数据丢失和不用resetlogs,特别是对于用多个备
用服务器的时候,该服务器可以马上作为主服务器而不用重新创建备用服务器。
2. 强行切换(激活)
这样的切换是以激和备用服务器来完成的,在重新启动数据库的时候,备用机会
resetlogs,这样会影响到其它备用服务器而且必须重新在主服务器上重新构造备用服务器,
一般不建议这样做。
$ more activeprimary.sh
#!/bin/bash
#swith to primary with cancel
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
#cancel and startup database
sqlplus /nolog < connect / as sysdba
alter system archive log current;
recover managed standby database cancel;
alter database activate standby database;
shutdown immediate;
create spfile from '/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/Db_1/dbs/inittbdbprim.ora';
startup;
exit
EOF
lsnrctl stop listenerdb
lsnrctl start
八、备用库的备份与恢复
1. 从备用库上恢复主库的数据文件
在某些情况下,主服务器可能损坏一个或两个数据文件,如果从主数据库上的备份恢复,理
论上也是可以的,但是可能会因为需要应用到太多的日志,实际耗时太大,这个时候,我们
可以考虑从备份服务器上恢复该数据文件,因为备份服务器与主数据库一般只相差一个日志
文件左右。
(1)关闭备用数据库
recover managed standby database cancel;
shutdown immediate;
(2)拷贝或FTP损坏的数据文件到主数据库
(3)在主数据库recover database datafile '文件名'即可。
2. 在备用数据库上进行备份
如果想减轻主库的压力,可以在备用数据库上进行备份,因为备用控制文件的特性关系,在
对standby的rman备份中,不能修改rman的配置,所以没有办法自动备份控制文件。
可以采用如下的方法备份:
(1)备份备用数据库,可以停止恢复进程,跳转到read only模式下,通过backup database来备份数据库,这样的数据库处于一致性的模式下。
(2)采用恢复目录备份standby数据库
rman target sys@dbstandby
backup database format '/u02/oradata/rman_backup/full_%d_%T_s%s_p%p';
backup archivelog all delete input format '/u02/oradata/rman_backup/arc_%d_%T_s%s_p%p';
(3)如果采用控制文件做恢复目录,注意
alter database backup controlfile to '/u02/oradata/rman_backup/ctl_%d_%T_s%s_p%p';
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