分类： Oracle
2007-12-19 15:46:52
sqlplus "sys/test1234 as sysbda"
desc $controlfile
select status,name form v$controlfile;
desc v$datafile
select file#,status from v$datafile;
desc v$logfile
select member from v$logfile;
SGA ：
DB buffer， 大共享区， 共享池， Redo buffer， 固定SGA
DB高速缓存池（DB buffer）： 默认缓存池， 保持缓池， 再生缓存池
共享池： 库缓存区（共享SQL区 PL／SQL区）， 字典缓存区
块(block 8K 操作系统的整数倍) 盘区(extent) 段(segment) 表空间(tablespace) 数据文件(datafile)
我们只能指定表在那个表空间中
sqlplus/nolog
connect sys/test1234 as sysdba
startup 实例 控制文件 数据文件
startup mount 启动数据文件 但是不启动控制文件
archive log list
startup mount alter database open 非归档方式改为归档方式
startup nomount 控制文件失的时间，重新创建控制文件
shutdown immediate
shutdown
shutdown transactional
shutdown abort 强行关闭数据库
alter user TESTUSER account unlock;
create user "test" identified by "test";
grant connect to "test";
sqlplus scott/tiger
help index
select * from dept
? set
set sqlblanklines on 支持空格行
替代变量
select * from dept where deptno=10
select * from dept where deptno=&tt
查看命令
list l
l 1 2
c /n/m
l
/
? change
del 4
l
del 2 3
l
a from dept
save d:\oracle\test.txt
l
@c:\oracle\test.txt
get c:\orcle\text.txt
edit
/
? col
col deptno heading "编号"
desc dept
col dname format a10 heading "部门名称"
col deptno format 999,999,999
connect sys/test1234 as sysdba
set linesize 50
ttitle center "我的标题" skip 1-
left "测试报表" right "页" -
format 999 sql.pno skip 2
ttitle off
break
? conp
break on pub
select * from books
conp count label "计数" of books_name on pub
spool d:\1.txt
spool off
edit d:\1.txt
视图学习
视图称为虚表
视图的作用 安全性 方便 一致性
create or replace view myview
as
select * from dept
create or replace view myview
as
select * from books where price>30
with check option
edit c:\1.txt
@ c:\1.txt
create or replace view myview
as
select * from books where price>30
with read only
dba_views
desc all_views
desc user_views
select text from user_views where view_name='u_views'
oracle的同义词
select user from dual
select * from scott.dept
同义词
create synonym dept for scott.dept
select * from dept
drop synonym dept
create public synonym dept for scott.dept
select * from dept
connect tt/tt11
select * from dept
desc dba_synonyms
desc user_synonyms
序列
create sequence myseq
start with 1
increment by 1
order
nocycle;
select myseq.nextval from dual;
select myseq.currual form dual;
create table auto((a number,b varchar2(10)))
create sequence myseq
insert into auto values(myseq.nextval,"dd")
desc dba_sequences
select sequence_name,sequence_owner from dba_sequences where sequence_owner='TT'
select user from dual
alter sequence myseq increment by 3
select myseq.nextval from dual
sql语言基础
connect scott/tiger
DDL
create table abc(a varchar2(20),b char(20))
alter table abc add c number
alter table abc drop column c
DCL
grant select on dept to tt
revoke select on dept from tt
DML
insert into abc values('aa','cc')
delete
update
常用系统函数
字符
length ltrim,replace,rtrim,substr,trim
日期
Sysdate,current_date,next_day
转换
To_char,to_date,to_number
聚集函数
sum,avg,max,min,count
其它
user,decode,nvl
select length('ddd') from dual
select lengthb('dd好d') from dual
select trim(' ddd ') from dual
select rtrim(' ddd ') from dual
select ltrim(' ddd ') from dual
select SUBSTR('abacedf',1,3) from dual
select SUBSTR('abacedf',length('abacedf')-3+1,3) from dual
SELECT current_date FROM dual
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT='dd-mon-yyyy hh:mi:ss'
SELECT NEXT_DAY(sysdate,'星期五') from dual
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss') from dual
SELECT TO_DATE('12-3月-04') from dual
SELECT TO_NUMBER('222') from dual
select user from dual
select sum(decode(sex,'男',1,0)) 男人数,sum(decode(sex,'女',1,0)) 女人数 from e;
select a1,nvl(a2,'地输入') a2 from aa;
select * from aa where a2 is null
select * from aa where a2 is not null
分组查询
聚集函数不能在where中，如果要用则用having
select a,count(a) from aa group by a having count(a)>1
模糊查询
select * from aa where a2 like 'a_'
select * from aa where a2 like 'a%'
select * from aa where a2 like '_a'
select * from aa where a2 like '__a'
select * from aa where a2 like '%a'
select * from aa where a2 like '%a%'
表的连接
from a,b where a.=b.
a join b on a.=b.
from a,b where a.id=b.id(+)左连接 左边为全部显示出来，有匹配值，则写上，无则以空值填充
右连接则相反
子查询
无关子查询
select * from e where id in (select id from d);
相关子查询
select * from e where id in (select id from d where id=e.id and id='03');
select * from e where id not in (select id from d where id=e.id and id='03');
select * from e where exists (select id from d where id=e.id and id='03');
select * from e where not exists (select id from d where id=e.id and id='03');
select * from a union select * from d
select * from a intersect select * from d 返回两者教匹配的记录
insert into e(id,name) select id,name from d ;
create table ttt as (select * from e)
PL/SQL基础
declare
...
begin
...
exception
...
end
declare
x varchar2(20);
begin
x:='this is..';
dbms_output.put_line('x的值为:'||x);
end;
/
set serveroutput on size 10000
l
/
save D:\1.txt
@ D:\1.txt
/**/块注释
declare
x varchar2(20):='456kkk';
--y integer:=123;
y string(10):='123';
begin
--x:='this is..';
--dbms_output.put_line('x的值为:'||x);
dbms_output.put('x的值为:'||x||'y的值是：'||y);
dbms_output.new_line;
end;
/
declare
a number;
b varchar2(10);
begin
a:=2;
if a=1 then
b:='a';
elsif a=2 then
b:='b';
else
b:='c';
end if;
dbms_output.put_line('B值是：'||b);
end;
/
declare
a number;
b varchar2(10);
begin
a:=10;
case
when a=1 then b:='a';
when a=2 then b:='b';
when a=3 then b:='c';
when a=4 then b:='d';
else
b:='others';
end case;
dbms_output.put_line('B值是：'||b);
end;
/
declare
cursor mycur IS
select * from dept;
myrecord dept%rowtype;
begin
open mycur;
fetch mycur into myrecord;
while mycur%found loop
dbms_output.put_line(myrecord.deptno||','||myrecord.dname);
fetch mycur into myrecord;
end loop;
close mycur;
end;
/
declare
cursor mycur_para(id varchar2) IS
select dname from dept where deptno=id;
t_name dept.dname%type;
begin
open mycur_para('10');
loop
fetch mycur_para into t_name;
exit when mycur_para%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(t_name);
end loop;
close mycur_para;
end;
/
declare
cursor mycur_para(id varchar2) IS
select dname from dept where deptno=id;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('*******结果集为********');
for mycur in mycur_para('10') loop
dbms_output.put_line(mycur.dname);
end loop;
end;
/
declare
t_name dept.dname%type;
cursor cur(id varchar2) IS
select dname from dept where deptno=id;
begin
if cur%isopen then
dbms_output.put_line('游标己被打开');
else
open cur('10');
end if;
fetch cur into t_name;
close cur;
dbms_output.put_line(t_name);
end;
/
declare
t_name varchar2(20);
cursor mycur IS
select dname from dept;
begin
open mycur;
loop
fetch mycur into t_name;
exit when mycur%notfound or mycur%notfound is null;
dbms_output.put_line('游标mycur的rowcount是:'||mycur%rowcount);
end loop;
close mycur;
end;
/
declare
cursor IS
select dname from dept for update;
text varchar2(20);
begin
open cur;
fetch cur into text;
while cur%found loop
update dept set dname=name||'_t' where current of cur;
fetch cur into text;
end loop;
close cur;
end ;
/
begin
for cur in(select dname from dept) loop
dbms_output.put_line(cur.dname);
end loop;
end;
/
建议不要使用游标
因为效率不是很高
存储过程
create or replace procedure myproc(id in number)
IS
name varchar2(10);
begin
select dname into name from dept where deptno=id;
dbms_output.put_line(name);
end myproc;
/
show errors procedure myproc;
declare
tid number(10);
begin
tid:=10;
myproc(tid);
end;
/
begin
myproc(10);
end;
/
execute myproc(10);
create or replace procedure myproc2(id varchar2,name out varchar2)
is
begin
select dname into name from dept where deptno=id;
end;
/
declare
tid varchar2(10);
dname varchar2(10);
begin
tid:='10';
myproc2(tid,tname);
end;
/
事务与触发器
delete from books where books_id='21'
commit;
delete from books where books_id='22'
rollback;
事务
用于确保数据完整性和并发处理的能力
它将一条／一组SQL语当作成一个逻辑上的单元，用于保障这些语句都成功／失败
原子性atomicity
一致性consistency
隔离性isolation
永久性durability
行级触发器
create or replace trigger del_deptmentid
after delete on deptment
for each row
begin
delete from empl where id=:old.id;
end del_deptmentid;
/
delete from deptment where id=1;
rollback;
create or replace trigger insert_dept
after insert on deptment
for each row
begin
insert into empl(eid,ename,id) values('123','dd',:new.id);
end;
/
create or replace trigger update_dept
after update
on deptment
for each row
begin
update empl set id=:new.id where id=:old.id;
end;
/
在触发器中不能写rollback,commit等，可以用以下语句实现某些记录不更新
create or replace trigger books_delete
after delete on books
for each row
begin
if :old.books_id=22 then
raise_application_error(-20000,'不充许删除');
end if ;
end;
/
语句级触发器
create table mylog(curr_user varchar2(100),curr_date date,act char(1));
create or replace trigger dml_books
after insert or delete or update on books
begin
if inserting then
insert into mylog values(user,sysdate,'I');
elsif deleting then
insert into mylog values(user,sysdate,'D');
else
insert into mylog values(user,sysdate,'U');
end if;
end;
/
update books set books_name='中途镐' where books_id=43
insert into books values(myseq.nextval,'二级战犯',33.5,5,'人民文学')
select curr_user,to_char(curr_date,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') 日期 ,act 动作 from mylog
create or replace trigger set_number
before insert on books
for each row
declare
sn number(5);
begin
select myseq.nextval into sn from dual;
:new.books_id:=sn;
end;
/
create or replace view empl_deptment
as
select eid,ename,sex,e.id,d.name from empl e,deptment d where e.id=d.id
/
select * from empl_deptment
create or replace trigger tr_empl_deptment
instead of insert on empl_deptment
for each row
begin
insert into deptment values(:new.id,:new.name);
insert into empl values(:new.eid,:new.ename,:new.sex,:new.id);
end;
/
insert into empl_deptment values(1,'罗','男',1,'销售部')
/
安全管理
oracle的安全管理体系
用户管理
角色管理
配置文件的设置
(用户,角色)相当于操作系统的用户和组
查询当前账号
select user from dual;
conn scott/tiger as sysdba;
create or replace trigger tr_empl_deptment;
grant select on scott.dept to test
alter user test default tablespace tt
alter user test identified by test1234
alter user test account lock
alter user test account unlock
create user test identified by test1234
grant connect to test;
conn /as sysdba
grant select on scott.dept to test with grant option 把权限下放给test
grant all on scott.dept to test with grant option
grant execute on scott.mypro to test with grant option
grant create user to test
grant drop user to test
conn /as sysdba
grant create user to test with admin option
conn test/test1234
grant create user to abc
revoke select on scott.dept from test;
revoke create user from test;
总结:无论是系统授权还是对象授权都可以续联选项
系统授权加的是with admin option
对象授权加的是with grant option
角色授权
create role myrole
grant myrole to test
/
grant select on scott.dept to myrole
概要文件实现全局设置
特别是对口令的管理与设置
表空间
create tablespace mytabs
datafile 'E:\oracle\product\10.1.0\oradata\test\mytabs.dbf' size 10M
/
alter user test default tablespace mytabs
grant unlimited tablespace,dba to test
create table test(id number(10),name char(10)) tablespace tt
做项目时，先创建表空间 再创建用户
将用户设置所创建的表空间
表的管理
表的完整性与约束
实体完整性
域完整性
参照完整性
alter table empl add constraint pk_nn primary key(eid)
/
alter table empl add constraint fk_empl foreign key(id) references deptment(id)
/
alter table deptment add constraint pk_deptment primary key(id)
/
insert into empl values(myseq.nextval,'张','女',3)
/
alter table empl add constraint ck_empl_sex check(sex='男' or sex='女')
/
desc
select constraint_name,constraint_type from user_constraints
where table_name='EMPL'
/
desc all_constraints
create index my_dept on deptment(id)
/
create bitmap index bit_empl on empl(sex)
/
create unique index myidx on empl(eid)
/
SQL*Loader的使用
sqlldr
d:\loader.txt
abc,xyz
def,bbb
eee,ttt
d:\cont.ctl
load data
infile 'D:\loader.txt'
append
into table mm(
m1 position(1:3)) char,
m2 position(5,7) char)
create table mm(m1 varchar2(10),m2 varchar2(10))
/
sqlldr scott/tiger control=d:\cont.ctl data=d:\loader.txt
d:\cont.ctl
load data
infile 'D:\loader.txt'
append
into table mm(
m1 char terminated by ",",
m2 char terminated by ",")
sqlldr scott/tiger control=d:\cont.ctl data=d:\loader.txt
oem的配置
sqlplus /nolog
connect / as sysdba
alter user sys identified by angel918
alter user system identified by angel918
/
sqlplus "/@服务名 as sysdba"
然后在sqlplus中
alter user sys identified by 新密码;
alter user system identified by 新密码;
监听
lsnrctl status
lsnrctl start
lsnrctl stop
数据的备份
exp
d:\mybak.dmp
imp scott/tiger
connect as sysdba
shutdown immediate
startup
archive log list
alter system set log_archive_start=true scope=spfile
/
shutdown immediate
startup mount
alter database archivelog
alter database open;
alter tablespace test begin backup
/
考备表空间到指定目录
alter tablespace test end backup
/
alter system archive log current
/
alter system switch logfile
/
alter system switch logfile
/
select * from v$recover_file
/
alter database datafile 6 offline drop
/
表空间到指定目录
select * from v$recover_file
/
auto
alter database datafile 6 online;
备份控制文件
alter database backup controlfile to trace
/
shutdown immediate
@c:\create_ctl.txt
直接考备控制文件
ho cls
revover database until concel
alter database open resetlogs
开发人员
create user abc identified by abc;
grant connect,resource to abc;
select table_name from user_tables;
DDL create drop alter trancate
DML select update insert delete
DCL grant revoke
show user
create sequence myseq increment by 1 start with 1;
select myseq.currentval from dual
select myseq.nextval from dual
总结：
oracle体系结构
实列和数据库
sql*plus
pl/sql
安全管理
表空间、表的完整性
备份与恢复
