ssh-keygen Tutorial - Generating RSA and DSA keys
ssh-keygen. Public key authentication for SSH sessions are far superior to any password authentication and provide much higher security.ssh-keygen
is the basic way for generating keys for such kind of authentication. I
will also explain how to maintain those keys by changing their
associated comments and more importantly by changing the passphrases
using this handy utility.
Generating Keys
Generating public keys for authentication is the basic and most often used feature of ssh-keygen. ssh-keygen
can generate both RSA and DSA keys. RSA keys have a minimum key length
of 768 bits and the default length is 2048. When generating new RSA keys
you should use at least 2048 bits of key length unless you really have a
good reason for using a shorter and less secure key. The key length for
DSA is always 1024 bits as specified in FIPS 186-2.
Because DSA key length is limited to 1024, and RSA key length isn’t
limited, so one can generate much stronger RSA keys than DSA keys, I
prefer using RSA over DSA. Another reason for not using DSA is that DSA
is a government standard and one may wonder if the key length was
limited deliberately so it will be possible for government agencies to
decrypt it.
To generate a pair of public and private keys execute the following command:
| ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 2048 |
You can use “dsa” instead of the “rsa” after the -t to generate a DSA key. The number after the -b specifies the key length in bits.
After executing the command it may take some time to generate the
keys (as the program waits for enough entropy to be gathered to generate
random numbers). When the key generation is done you would be prompted
to enter a filename in which the key will be saved. The public key will
have the same filename but it will end with .pub. You should make sure that the key can only be read by you and not by any other user for security reasons.
Next you’ll be prompted to enter a passphrase. Each generated key can
be protected by a passphrase. When a key is generated with a
passphrase, the key can’t be used without the passphrase, so by using a
passphrase one can prevent others from using his private keys without
first guessing the passphrase. A good passphrase should be at least 10
characters long. One should stay away from English sentences as their
entropy level is just too low to be used as a safe passphrase. I usually
use a randomly generated passphrase, as this kind is considered the
most secure. If you intend to use the key for accessing a remote machine
from inside an automated script you may wish to enter an empty
password, so the script won’t need user interaction. In this case just
press
If you create a passphrase-less key just make sure you only put it on
trusted hosts as it may compromise the remote machine if the key falls
to the wrong hands. twice.
After entering you passphrase twice the program will print the key
fingerprint, which is some kind of hashing used to distinguish different
keys, followed by the default key comment (more on key comments later).
After printing the key information the program will terminate.
Congratulations, you’ve just created you own public key using ssh-keygen.
Comments
Adding comments to keys can allow you to organize your keys more easily. The comments are stored in end of the public key file and can be viewed in clear text. For example:
| cat id_rsa2.pubssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAyyA8wePstPC69PeuHFtOwyTecByonsHFAjHbVnZ+h0dpomvLZxUtbknNj3+c7MPYKqKBOx9gUKV/diR/mIDqsb405MlrI1kmNR9zbFGYAAwIH/Gxt0Lv5ffwaqsz7cECHBbMojQGEz3IH3twEvDfF6cu5p00QfP0MSmEi/eB+W+h30NGdqLJCziLDlp409jAfXbQm/4Yx7apLvEmkaYSrb5f/pfvYv1FEV1tS8/J7DgdHUAWo6gyGUUSZJgsyHcuJT7v9Tf0xwiFWOWL9WsWXa9fCKqTeYnYJhHlqfinZRnT/+jkz0OZ7YmXo6j4Hyms3RCOqenIX1W6gnIn+eQIkw== This is the key's comment |
As you can see the comment is appended in clear text to the end of the public key file. To alter the comment just edit the public key file with a plain text editor such as
nano or vim.
To add a comment to the public key file when generating the key add to the key generation command -C "you comment". For example to generate 4048 bit RSA key with “home machine” as a comment you will do the following:
| ssh-keygen -b 4048 -t rsa -C "home machine" |
Notice that each copy of a public key can have its own comment and you cannot retrieve the comment from the private key.
Passphrases
Passphrases allow you to prevent unauthorized usage of your key by meaning of protecting the key itself by a password. Although your ssh directory holding the private keys should be unaccessible to other users, the root user of the system, or anyone who can achieve is privileges can access your key and copy it. In this case the passphrase will prevent him from using it.
To add a passphrase to a key just type it when prompted during the key generation process. Keep in mind that the password must be at least 5 characters long. A good passphrase, as I said before, should be at least 10 characters long, and consist of random upper and lower case letters, numbers and symbols.
While the passphrase boosts the security of the key, under some
conditions you may want to leave it empty. Leaving the passphrase empty
allows you to use the key from within scripts, for example to transfer a
file via scp. While passphraseless keys are very useful for scripts just remember to only use them at trusted machines.
You can change the passphrase of key after it’s been created, and you should do it at least annually. To change the passphrase execute:
| ssh-keygen -p |
After this you will be prompted to enter the location of your private key and enter twice the new passphrase. If you don’t want a passphrase just enter empty one.
End Notes
Feel free to share your public key, as its name suggests, it should be public. Keep in mind that your private key should be kept private. If someone gets hold of your private key, change it imediatly, even if it’s passphrase protected.