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分类: Python/Ruby

2014-09-24 10:31:17

文章来源:

Image manipulation and processing using Numpy and Scipy

翻译自:http://scipy-lectures.github.com/advanced/image_processing/index.html

作者:Emmanuelle Gouillart, Ga?l Varoquaux

图像 = 2-D 数值数组

(或者 3-D: CT, MRI, 2D + 时间; 4-D, ...)

这里 图像 == Numpy数组 np.array 

这个教程中使用的工具:

 from scipy import ndimage 

图像中的常见问题有:

  • 输入/输出,呈现图像
  • 基本操作:裁剪、翻转、旋转……
  • 图像滤镜:消噪,锐化
  • 图像分割:不同对应对象的像素标记

更有力和完整的模块:

目录

打开和读写图像文件

将一个数组写入文件:

In [1]: from scipy import misc

In [2]: l = misc.lena()

In [3]: misc.imsave('lena.png', l)  # uses the Image module (PIL)

In [4]: import pylab as pl

In [5]: pl.imshow(l)
Out[5]:  

从一个图像文件创建数组:

In [7]: lena = misc.imread('lena.png')

In [8]: type(lena)
Out[8]: numpy.ndarray

In [9]: lena.shape, lena.dtype
Out[9]: ((512, 512), dtype('uint8')) 

8位图像(0-255)的dtype是uint8

打开一个raw文件(相机, 3-D图像)

In [10]: l.tofile('lena.raw')  # 创建一个raw文件

In [14]: lena_from_raw = np.fromfile('lena.raw', dtype=np.int64)

In [15]: lena_from_raw.shape
Out[15]: (262144,)

In [16]: lena_from_raw.shape = (512, 512)

In [17]: import os

In [18]: os.remove('lena.raw') 

需要知道图像的shape和dtype(如何区分隔数据字节)

对于大数据,使用np.memmap进行内存映射:

In [21]: lena_memmap = np.memmap('lena.raw', dtype=np.int64, shape=(512,512)) 

(数据从文件读取,而不是载入内存)

处理一个列表的图像文件:

In [22]: for i in range(10):
   ....:     im = np.random.random_integers(0, 255, 10000).reshape((100, 100))
   ....:     misc.imsave('random_%02d.png' % i, im)
   ....:     

In [23]: from glob import glob

In [24]: filelist = glob('random*.png')

In [25]: filelist.sort() 

呈现图像

使用matplotlib和imshow将图像呈现在matplotlib图像(figure)中:

In [29]: l = misc.lena()

In [30]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

In [31]: plt.imshow(l, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
Out[31]:  

通过设置最大最小之增加对比:

In [33]: plt.imshow(l, cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=30, vmax=200)
Out[33]: 

In [34]: plt.axis('off')  # 移除axes和ticks
Out[34]: (-0.5, 511.5, 511.5, -0.5) 

绘制等高线:

ln[7]: plt.contour(l, [60, 211]) 

更好地观察强度变化,使用interpolate=‘nearest’:

In [7]: plt.imshow(l[200:220, 200:220], cmap=plt.cm.gray)
Out[7]: 

In [8]: plt.imshow(l[200:220, 200:220], cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation='nearest')
Out[8]:  

其它包有时使用图形工具箱来可视化(GTK,Qt):

In [9]: import skimage.io as im_io

In [21]: im_io.use_plugin('gtk', 'imshow')

In [22]: im_io.imshow(l) 

3-D可视化:Mayavi

参见可用Mayavi进行3-D绘图体积数据

  • 图形平面工具
  • 等值面
  • ……

基本操作

图像是数组:使用整个numpy机理。

basic

>>> lena = misc.lena()
>>> lena[0, 40]
166
>>> # Slicing
>>> lena[10:13, 20:23]
array([[158, 156, 157],
[157, 155, 155],
[157, 157, 158]])
>>> lena[100:120] = 255
>>>
>>> lx, ly = lena.shape
>>> X, Y = np.ogrid[0:lx, 0:ly]
>>> mask = (X - lx/2)**2 + (Y - ly/2)**2 > lx*ly/4
>>> # Masks
>>> lena[mask] = 0
>>> # Fancy indexing
>>> lena[range(400), range(400)] = 255 

统计信息

>>> lena = scipy.lena()
>>> lena.mean()
124.04678344726562
>>> lena.max(), lena.min()
(245, 25) 

np.histogram

几何转换

>>> lena = scipy.lena()
>>> lx, ly = lena.shape
>>> # Cropping
>>> crop_lena = lena[lx/4:-lx/4, ly/4:-ly/4]
>>> # up <-> down flip
>>> flip_ud_lena = np.flipud(lena)
>>> # rotation
>>> rotate_lena = ndimage.rotate(lena, 45)
>>> rotate_lena_noreshape = ndimage.rotate(lena, 45, reshape=False) 

Geometrical transformations

示例源码

图像滤镜

局部滤镜:用相邻像素值的函数替代当前像素的值。

相邻:方形(指定大小),圆形, 或者更多复杂的_结构元素_。

模糊/平滑

scipy.ndimage中的_高斯滤镜_:

>>> from scipy import misc
>>> from scipy import ndimage
>>> lena = misc.lena()
>>> blurred_lena = ndimage.gaussian_filter(lena, sigma=3)
>>> very_blurred = ndimage.gaussian_filter(lena, sigma=5) 

均匀滤镜

>>> local_mean = ndimage.uniform_filter(lena, size=11) 

示例源码

锐化

锐化模糊图像:

>>> from scipy import misc
>>> lena = misc.lena()
>>> blurred_l = ndimage.gaussian_filter(lena, 3) 

通过增加拉普拉斯近似增加边缘权重:

>>> filter_blurred_l = ndimage.gaussian_filter(blurred_l, 1)
>>> alpha = 30
>>> sharpened = blurred_l + alpha * (blurred_l - filter_blurred_l) 

sharpen

示例源码

消噪

向lena增加噪声:

>>> from scipy import misc
>>> l = misc.lena()
>>> l = l[230:310, 210:350]
>>> noisy = l + 0.4*l.std()*np.random.random(l.shape) 

_高斯滤镜_平滑掉噪声……还有边缘:

>>> gauss_denoised = ndimage.gaussian_filter(noisy, 2) 

大多局部线性各向同性滤镜都模糊图像(ndimage.uniform_filter)

_中值滤镜_更好地保留边缘:

>>> med_denoised = ndimage.median_filter(noisy, 3) 

guassian&median

示例源码

中值滤镜:对直边界效果更好(低曲率):

>>> im = np.zeros((20, 20))
>>> im[5:-5, 5:-5] = 1
>>> im = ndimage.distance_transform_bf(im)
>>> im_noise = im + 0.2*np.random.randn(*im.shape)
>>> im_med = ndimage.median_filter(im_noise, 3) 

median

示例源码

其它排序滤波器:ndimage.maximum_filter,ndimage.percentile_filter

其它局部非线性滤波器:维纳滤波器(scipy.signal.wiener)等

非局部滤波器

_总变差(TV)_消噪。找到新的图像让图像的总变差(正态L1梯度的积分)变得最小,当接近测量图像时:

>>> # from skimage.filter import tv_denoise
>>> from tv_denoise import tv_denoise
>>> tv_denoised = tv_denoise(noisy, weight=10)
>>> # More denoising (to the expense of fidelity to data)
>>> tv_denoised = tv_denoise(noisy, weight=50) 

总变差滤镜tv_denoise可以从skimage中获得,(文档:http://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/api/skimage.filter.html#denoise-tv),但是为了方便我们在这个教程中作为一个_单独模块_导入。

tv

示例源码

数学形态学

参见:

结构元素

>>> el = ndimage.generate_binary_structure(2, 1)
>>> el
array([[False,  True, False],
       [ True,  True,  True],
       [False,  True, False]], dtype=bool)
>>> el.astype(np.int)
array([[0, 1, 0],
       [1, 1, 1],
       [0, 1, 0]]) 

腐蚀 = 最小化滤镜。用结构元素覆盖的像素的最小值替代一个像素值:

>>> a = np.zeros((7,7), dtype=np.int)
>>> a[1:6, 2:5] = 1
>>> a
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
>>> ndimage.binary_erosion(a).astype(a.dtype)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
>>> #Erosion removes objects smaller than the structure
>>> ndimage.binary_erosion(a, structure=np.ones((5,5))).astype(a.dtype)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]) 

erosion

膨胀:最大化滤镜:

>>> a = np.zeros((5, 5))
>>> a[2, 2] = 1
>>> a
array([[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  1.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]])
>>> ndimage.binary_dilation(a).astype(a.dtype)
array([[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  1.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  1.,  1.,  1.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  1.,  0.,  0.],
       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]]) 

对灰度值图像也有效:

>>> np.random.seed(2)
>>> x, y = (63*np.random.random((2, 8))).astype(np.int)
>>> im[x, y] = np.arange(8)

>>> bigger_points = ndimage.grey_dilation(im, size=(5, 5), structure=np.ones((5, 5)))

>>> square = np.zeros((16, 16))
>>> square[4:-4, 4:-4] = 1
>>> dist = ndimage.distance_transform_bf(square)
>>> dilate_dist = ndimage.grey_dilation(dist, size=(3, 3), \
...         structure=np.ones((3, 3))) 

gray-delation

示例源码

开操作:腐蚀+膨胀:

应用:移除噪声

>>> square = np.zeros((32, 32))
>>> square[10:-10, 10:-10] = 1
>>> np.random.seed(2)
>>> x, y = (32*np.random.random((2, 20))).astype(np.int)
>>> square[x, y] = 1

>>> open_square = ndimage.binary_opening(square)

>>> eroded_square = ndimage.binary_erosion(square)
>>> reconstruction = ndimage.binary_propagation(eroded_square, mask=square) 

application

示例源码

闭操作:膨胀+腐蚀

许多其它数学分形:击中(hit)和击不中(miss)变换,tophat等等。

特征提取

边缘检测

合成数据:

>>> im = np.zeros((256, 256))
>>> im[64:-64, 64:-64] = 1
>>>
>>> im = ndimage.rotate(im, 15, mode='constant')
>>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, 8) 

使用_梯度操作(Sobel)_来找到搞强度的变化:

>>> sx = ndimage.sobel(im, axis=0, mode='constant')
>>> sy = ndimage.sobel(im, axis=1, mode='constant')
>>> sob = np.hypot(sx, sy) 

sob

示例源码

canny滤镜

Canny滤镜可以从skimage中获取(文档),但是为了方便我们在这个教程中作为一个_单独模块_导入:

>>> #from skimage.filter import canny
>>> #or use module shipped with tutorial
>>> im += 0.1*np.random.random(im.shape)
>>> edges = canny(im, 1, 0.4, 0.2) # not enough smoothing
>>> edges = canny(im, 3, 0.3, 0.2) # better parameters 

edge

示例源码

需要调整几个参数……过度拟合的风险

分割

  • 基于_直方图_的分割(没有空间信息)
 >>> n = 10
    >>> l = 256
    >>> im = np.zeros((l, l))
    >>> np.random.seed(1)
    >>> points = l*np.random.random((2, n**2))
    >>> im[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1
    >>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, sigma=l/(4.*n))
    
    >>> mask = (im > im.mean()).astype(np.float)
    >>> mask += 0.1 * im
    >>> img = mask + 0.2*np.random.randn(*mask.shape)
    
    >>> hist, bin_edges = np.histogram(img, bins=60)
    >>> bin_centers = 0.5*(bin_edges[:-1] + bin_edges[1:])
    
    >>> binary_img = img > 0.5 

segmente

示例源码

自动阈值:使用高斯混合模型:

>>> mask = (im > im.mean()).astype(np.float)
>>> mask += 0.1 * im
>>> img = mask + 0.3*np.random.randn(*mask.shape)

>>> from sklearn.mixture import GMM
>>> classif = GMM(n_components=2)
>>> classif.fit(img.reshape((img.size, 1))) 
GMM(...)

>>> classif.means_
array([[ 0.9353155 ],
       [-0.02966039]])
>>> np.sqrt(classif.covars_).ravel()
array([ 0.35074631,  0.28225327])
>>> classif.weights_
array([ 0.40989799,  0.59010201])
>>> threshold = np.mean(classif.means_)
>>> binary_img = img > threshold 

gauss-mixture

使用数学形态学来清理结果:

>>> # Remove small white regions
>>> open_img = ndimage.binary_opening(binary_img)
>>> # Remove small black hole
>>> close_img = ndimage.binary_closing(open_img) 

cleanup

示例源码

练习

参看重建(reconstruction)操作(腐蚀+传播(propagation))产生比开/闭操作更好的结果:

>>> eroded_img = ndimage.binary_erosion(binary_img)
>>> reconstruct_img = ndimage.binary_propagation(eroded_img, mask=binary_img)
>>> tmp = np.logical_not(reconstruct_img)
>>> eroded_tmp = ndimage.binary_erosion(tmp)
>>> reconstruct_final = np.logical_not(ndimage.binary_propagation(eroded_tmp, mask=tmp))
>>> np.abs(mask - close_img).mean()
0.014678955078125
>>> np.abs(mask - reconstruct_final).mean()
0.0042572021484375 

练习

检查首次消噪步骤(中值滤波,总变差)如何更改直方图,并且查看是否基于直方图的分割更加精准了。

  • _基于图像_的分割:使用空间信息
 >>> from sklearn.feature_extraction import image
    >>> from sklearn.cluster import spectral_clustering
    
    >>> l = 100
    >>> x, y = np.indices((l, l))
    
    >>> center1 = (28, 24)
    >>> center2 = (40, 50)
    >>> center3 = (67, 58)
    >>> center4 = (24, 70)
    >>> radius1, radius2, radius3, radius4 = 16, 14, 15, 14
    
    >>> circle1 = (x - center1[0])**2 + (y - center1[1])**2 < radius1**2
    >>> circle2 = (x - center2[0])**2 + (y - center2[1])**2 < radius2**2
    >>> circle3 = (x - center3[0])**2 + (y - center3[1])**2 < radius3**2
    >>> circle4 = (x - center4[0])**2 + (y - center4[1])**2 < radius4**2
    
    >>> # 4 circles
    >>> img = circle1 + circle2 + circle3 + circle4
    >>> mask = img.astype(bool)
    >>> img = img.astype(float)
    
    >>> img += 1 + 0.2*np.random.randn(*img.shape)
    >>> # Convert the image into a graph with the value of the gradient on
    >>> # the edges.
    >>> graph = image.img_to_graph(img, mask=mask)
    
    >>> # Take a decreasing function of the gradient: we take it weakly
    >>> # dependant from the gradient the segmentation is close to a voronoi
    >>> graph.data = np.exp(-graph.data/graph.data.std())
    
    >>> labels = spectral_clustering(graph, k=4, mode='arpack')
    >>> label_im = -np.ones(mask.shape)
    >>> label_im[mask] = labels 

graph-base


测量对象属性:ndimage.measurements

合成数据:

>>> n = 10
>>> l = 256
>>> im = np.zeros((l, l))
>>> points = l*np.random.random((2, n**2))
>>> im[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1
>>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, sigma=l/(4.*n))
>>> mask = im > im.mean() 
  • 连接成分分析
标记连接成分:`ndimage.label`

    >>> label_im, nb_labels = ndimage.label(mask)
    >>> nb_labels # how many regions?
    23
    >>> plt.imshow(label_im)        
     

label

示例源码

计算每个区域的尺寸,均值等等:

>>> sizes = ndimage.sum(mask, label_im, range(nb_labels + 1))
>>> mean_vals = ndimage.sum(im, label_im, range(1, nb_labels + 1)) 

计算小的连接成分:

>>> mask_size = sizes < 1000
>>> remove_pixel = mask_size[label_im]
>>> remove_pixel.shape
(256, 256)
>>> label_im[remove_pixel] = 0
>>> plt.imshow(label_im)        
 

现在使用np.searchsorted重新分配标签:

>>> labels = np.unique(label_im)
>>> label_im = np.searchsorted(labels, label_im) 

reassign

示例源码

找到关注的封闭对象区域:

>>> slice_x, slice_y = ndimage.find_objects(label_im==4)[0]
>>> roi = im[slice_x, slice_y]
>>> plt.imshow(roi)     
 

find

示例源码

其它空间测量:ndiamge.center_of_mass,ndimage.maximum_position等等。

可以在分割应用限制范围之外使用。

示例:块平均(block mean):

m scipy import misc
>>> l = misc.lena()
>>> sx, sy = l.shape
>>> X, Y = np.ogrid[0:sx, 0:sy]
>>> regions = sy/6 * (X/4) + Y/6  # note that we use broadcasting
>>> block_mean = ndimage.mean(l, labels=regions, index=np.arange(1,
...     regions.max() +1))
>>> block_mean.shape = (sx/4, sy/6) 

block mean

示例源码

当区域不是正则的块状时,使用stride技巧更有效(示例:fake dimensions with strides)

非正则空间(Non-regular-spaced)区块:径向平均:

>>> sx, sy = l.shape
>>> X, Y = np.ogrid[0:sx, 0:sy]
>>> r = np.hypot(X - sx/2, Y - sy/2)
>>> rbin = (20* r/r.max()).astype(np.int)
>>> radial_mean = ndimage.mean(l, labels=rbin, index=np.arange(1, rbin.max() +1)) 

radial

示例源码

  • 其它测量

相关函数,傅里叶/小波谱等。

一个使用数学形态学的例子:粒度(%28morphology%29)

>>> def disk_structure(n):
...     struct = np.zeros((2 * n + 1, 2 * n + 1))
...     x, y = np.indices((2 * n + 1, 2 * n + 1))
...     mask = (x - n)**2 + (y - n)**2 <= n**2
...     struct[mask] = 1
...     return struct.astype(np.bool)
...
>>>
>>> def granulometry(data, sizes=None):
...     s = max(data.shape)
...     if sizes == None:
...         sizes = range(1, s/2, 2)
...     granulo = [ndimage.binary_opening(data, \
...         structure=disk_structure(n)).sum() for n in sizes]
...     return granulo
...
>>>
>>> np.random.seed(1)
>>> n = 10
>>> l = 256
>>> im = np.zeros((l, l))
>>> points = l*np.random.random((2, n**2))
>>> im[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1
>>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, sigma=l/(4.*n))
>>>
>>> mask = im > im.mean()
>>>
>>> granulo = granulometry(mask, sizes=np.arange(2, 19, 4)) 

granulometry

示例源码

Footnotes

  1. 占位 

  2. ValueError: can not convert int64 to uint8. 

  3. 根据以上操作剩下的区域选择区域,因为是随机生成可能结果不通,label_im==4未必留下来了。 

  4. 正则空间 


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