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2010-09-04 19:54:27

Links and Selected Readings

GCC-specific Literature

  • by Brian J. Gough.
  • , numerous contributors.
  • by Andreas Bauer <>.
  • by Hans-Peter Nilsson <>.
  • by Joachim Nadler and Tim Josling <>.
  • .
  • is used in GCC releases 3.0 and above.
  • by Dan Kegel.

Chip Documentation

The list below is based on the subdirectory names of the gcc/config directory, which typically matches with the CPU name in the configuration name. In some cases, different (but similar) CPUs are put into one directory; the names in parentheses list such similar CPU names.

  • alpha
    Manufacturer: Compaq (DEC)
    The Alpha OEM Documentation Library offers the Alpha Architecture Handbook, chip hardware manuals, and info on associated core logic chipsets.
    documents the calling conventions for Digital Unix; chapters 2-4 apply to other Alpha Unix systems as well.
  • arc
    Manufacturer: ARC Cores (Argonaut)
  • arm (armv2, thumb)
    Manufacturer: Various, by license from ARM
    CPUs include: ARM7 and ARM7T series (eg. ARM7TDMI), ARM9 and StrongARM
    ARM Documentation
  • AVR
    Manufacturer: Atmel
    AVR Documentation
  • Blackfin
    Manufacturer: Analog Devices

    Blackfin Documentation
  • c4x
    Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
    Exact chip name: TMS320C4X
  • CRIS
    Manufacturer: Axis Communications
    Acronym stands for: Code Reduced Instruction Set
    The CRIS architecture is used in the ETRAX system-on-a-chip series.
    Site with CPU documentation
  • fr30
    Manufacturer: Fujitsu
    Acronym stands for: Fujitsu RISC
    GDB includes a generated simulator.
  • h8300
    Manufacturer: Renesas
    Exact chip name: H8/300
    GDB includes a simulator.
    .
  • i386 (i486, i586, i686, i786)
    Manufacturer: Intel
    Intel®64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manuals
    Some information about optimizing for x86 processors, links to x86 manuals and documentation:

    Christian Ludloff's technical x86 processor information.
  • i860
    Manufacturer: Intel
  • m32c
    Manufacturer: Renesas
    Renesas M16C Family (R32C/M32C/M16C) Site
    GDB includes a simulator.
  • m32r
    Manufacturer: Renesas
    GDB includes a CGEN generated simulator.
  • m68hc11 (m68hc12)
    Manufacturer: Motorola
    GDB includes a 68HC11 and a 68HC12 simulator.
  • m68k
    Manufacturer: Motorola
  • mcore
    Manufacturer: Motorola
    GDB includes a simulator.
  • MeP
    Manufacturer: Toshiba

    SID includes a MeP simulator.
  • mips (mipsel, mips64, mips64el)
    The *el variants are little-endian configurations.
  • MMIX
    Manufacturer: none. There is a simulator, see links below.
    Acronym stands for: Roman numeral for 2009, pronounced [EM-micks]. The number stands for the average of numbers of "14 actual computers very similar to MMIX". The name may also be due to a predecessor appropriately named MIX.
    MMIX is used in program examples in Donald E. Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming (ISBN 0-201-89683-4).
    Knuth's MMIX page has more information about MMIX. Knuth also wrote a book specifically about MMIX (MMIXware, ISBN 3-540-66938-8).
  • mn10300
    Manufacturer: Matsushita
    Alternate chip name: AM30
    GDB includes a simulator.
  • ns32k
    Manufacturer: National Semiconductor
  • pa
    Manufacturer: HP
    is preferred over the older HPPA acronym (Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture).
    http://parisc-linux.org/documentation/index.html is another good source of PA-RISC documention.
  • pdp11
    Manufacturer: DEC

  • rs6000 (powerpc, powerpcle)
    Manufacturer: IBM, Motorola


    Documentation and tools at power.org
  • rx
    Manufacturer: Renesas
    RX610 Hardware Manual
  • sh
    Manufacturer: Renesas, or various licensed by SuperH Inc
    CPUs include: SH1, SH2, SH2-DSP, SH3, SH3-DSP, SH4, SH5 series.
    Renesas SuperH Processors

    GDB includes a simulator.
  • sparc (sparclite, sparc64)
    Manufacturer: Sun
    Acronym stands for: Scalable Processor ARChitecture
    UltraSPARC Processors Documentation
  • v850
    Manufacturer: NEC
  • vax
    Manufacturer: DEC
  • xtensa
    Manufacturer: Tensilica
  • z/Architecture (S/390)
    Manufacturer: IBM

Collected Papers/Sites on Standards, Compilers, Optimization, Etc.

C information

  • C standards information:
  • Sequence point rules in C:
  • C historical information:
    • , by Dennis M. Ritchie (also in and ).
    • An early .

C++ information

Objective-C Information

Fortran information

  • Fortran standards information:
    • (includes references to the current draft of the Fortran standard)
  • Fortran historical information:
  • Testing and Validation - Some packages aimed at Fortran compiler validation.
    • by the NIST Information Technology Laboratory () The test suite contains legal and operational Fortran 77 code.
    • IDRIS . It tests some Fortran 95 intrinsics.
    • The g77 testsuite (which is part of GCC).
    • Test suite of , included in its distribution. It contains some illegal code and therefore makes it possible to stress the compiler error handling.
    • by Arjen Markus (source provided).
    • test suite.
    • Tests of run-time checking capabilities
      • by H. Knoble & A. Desitter
  • Other resources:
    • contains a "Tests and Benchmarks" section mentioning commercial test suites.
    • Herman D. Knoble's Fortran Resources contain some sections on compiler validation and benchmarking.
    • Complying with Fortran 90, How does the current crop of Fortran 90 compilers measure up to the standard?, Steven Baker, Dr Dobb's, January 1995. It described the results of several commercial test suites.
  • Fortran packages - Some packages containing (mostly) legal Fortan code.
    • Books with source code:
      • of Introducing Fortran 95 by Ian Chivers and Jane Sleightholme.
      • of Essential Fortran 90 & 95 by Loren Meissner.
      • of Introduction To Fortran 90/95 by Stephen Chapman.
      • of Fortran 90/95 for Scientists and Engineers by Stephen Chapman.
    • Michel Olagnon's .
    • from Alan J. Miller.
  • Historical material - A few links for your enjoyment.

Ada information

  • Ada standards information:
  • Related standards:
  • Compiler validation:
  • Other resources:

Modula 3 information

Miscellaneous information

  • by David Goldberg, including Doug Priest's supplement (PDF format)
  • by Doug Priest (included in the PostScript-format document above)
  • , an ongoing revision to the IEEE 754 floating point standard.
  • EG3 maintains a list of compiler Internet resources, including FAQ's, papers, hot list pages, potential software/shareware, all known companies, etc.:
    • These resource pages are published as part of EG3's Free Electronic Engineers' Toolbox at:
  • Steven Muchnick (1997) "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation". 880pp. ISBN: 1-55860-320-4.
  • Robert Morgan (1998) "Building an Optimizing Compiler". 300pp. ISBN: 1-55558-179-X.
  • has quite a bit on .
  • and .

Chip Documentation of Obsolete Ports

Below is the list of ports that GCC used to support.

  • 1750a
    Exact chip name: MIL-STD-1750A processor
    Manufacturers: various
  • a29k
    Manufacturer: AMD
  • clipper
    Manufacturer: Intergraph
    Exact machine name: CLIPPER
  • convex (c1, c2, c3[248])
    Manufacturer: Convex (HP)
  • d30v
    Manufacturer: Mitsubishi
    There is no longer any reference to this chip anywhere on the manufacturer's web site; it may be dead.
    GDB includes a simulator.
  • dsp16xx
    Manufacturer: AT&T
  • i960
    Manufacturer: Intel

    GDB includes a simulator.
  • m88k
    Manufacturer: Motorola
  • mn10200
    Manufacturer: Matsushita
    GDB includes a simulator.
  • pj (picoJava)
    Manufacturer: Sun
  • romp
    Manufacturer: IBM
    Acronym stands for: Research/Office Products MicroProcessor
    The ROMP was the processor inside the IBM PC/RT.
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