oracle里常用命令

oracle里常用命令......

第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches
  sql>; alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
  sql>; alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
  sql>; alter database add logfile [group 4]
  sql>; ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
  sql>; alter database add logfile member
  sql>; '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
  sql>; '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
  sql>; alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
  sql>; to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
6.drop online redo log groups
  sql>; alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
  sql>; alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
8.clearing online redo log files
  sql>; alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
  a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
  b. sql>; execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','cracleoradblog');
  c. sql>; execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('cracleoradataoradbredo01.log',
    sql>; dbms_logmnr.new);
  d. sql>; execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('cracleoradataoradbredo02.log',
    sql>; dbms_logmnr.addfile);
  e. sql>; execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>;'cracleoradblogoradb.ora');
  f. sql>; select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
    sql>; v$logmnr_logs);
  g. sql>; execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

第二章：表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
  sql>; create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'cracleoradatafile1.dbf' size 100m,
  sql>; 'cracleoradatafile2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
  sql>; default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
  sql>; [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2.locally managed tablespace
  sql>; create tablespace user_data datafile 'cracleoradatauser_data01.dbf'
  sql>; size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
  sql>; create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'cracleoradatatemp01.dbf'
  sql>; size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data offline;
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
  sql>; drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'cracleoradataapp_data01.dbf' size 200m
  sql>; autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
  sql>; alter database datafile 'cracleoradataapp_data.dbf' resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
  sql>; alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
  sql>; to 'c:oracleapp_data.dbf';
11.moving data files:alter database
  sql>; alter database rename file 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
  sql>; to 'c:oracleapp_data.dbf';

第三章：表

1.create a table
  sql>; create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
  sql>; tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
  sql>; [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
  sql>; storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
  sql>; [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2.copy an existing table
  sql>; create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3.create temporary table
  sql>; create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
     on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
  sql>; alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
  sql>; minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
  sql>; alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
7.move tablespace
  sql>; alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
  sql>; alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9.truncate a table
  sql>; truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
  sql>; drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
  sql>; alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
     alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
  sql>; alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
     alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
     alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
     data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes
  sql>; create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
  sql>; create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
  sql>; tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
  sql>; [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
  sql>; maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
  sql>; create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
  sql>; next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
  sql>; create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
  sql>; pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
  sql>; alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
  sql>; alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
  sql>; alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
     set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql>; drop table table_name cascade constraints
  sql>; drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints while create a table
  sql>; create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
  sql>; using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
   primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
  sql>; alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
  sql>; alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章：LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert
  sql>; insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
  sql>; select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
  sql>; alter session enable parallel dml;
  sql>; insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
  sql>; select * from emp_old;
3.using sql*loader
  sql>; sqlldr scott/tiger
  sql>; control = ulcase6.ctl
  sql>; log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章：reorganizing data

1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
  sql>;alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
   $exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
   triggers=n constraints=n
   $copy datafile
  $imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
   /sles02.dbf)
   sql>; alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
  sql>; DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>;'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>;true);
    在表transport_set_violations 中查看
  sql>; dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

第八章： managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password
  sql>; alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
2.user_provided password function
  sql>; function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
            old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
3.create a profile : password setting
  sql>; create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
  sql>; password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
  sql>;password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
  sql>; password_grace_time 5;
4.altering a profile
  sql>; alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
  sql>; password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
5.drop a profile
  sql>; drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
6.create a profile : resource limit
  sql>; create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
  sql>; cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
7. view =>; resource_cost  : alter resource cost
  dba_Users,dba_profiles
8. enable resource limits
  sql>; alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章：Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication
  sql>; create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
  sql>; temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
  sql>; [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2.change user quota on tablespace
  sql>; alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
3.drop a user
  sql>; drop user juncky [cascade];
4. monitor user
  view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章：managing privileges

1.system privileges:  view =>; system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2.grant system privilege
  sql>; grant create session,create table to managers;
  sql>; grant create session to scott with admin option;
  with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
  sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
       alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
       alter database archivelog,restricted session
  sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4.password file members: view:=>; v$pwfile_users
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6.revoke system privilege
  sql>; revoke create table from karen;
  sql>; revoke create session from scott;
7.grant object privilege
  sql>; grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
  sql>; grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8.display object privilege : view =>; dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9.revoke object privilege
  sql>; revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10.audit record view :=>; sys.aud$
11. protecting the audit trail
   sql>; audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12.statement auditing
   sql>; audit user;
13.privilege auditing
   sql>; audit select any table by summit by access;
14.schema object auditing
   sql>; audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15.view audit option : view=>; all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16.view audit result: view=>; dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
  
第十一章： manager role

1.create roles
  sql>; create role sales_clerk;
  sql>; create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
  sql>; create role hr_manager identified externally;
2.modify role
  sql>; alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
  sql>; alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
  sql>; alter role hr_manager not identified;
3.assigning roles
  sql>; grant sales_clerk to scott;
  sql>; grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
  sql>; grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4.establish default role
  sql>; alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
  sql>; alter user scott default role all;
  sql>; alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
  sql>; alter user scott default role none;
5.enable and disable roles
  sql>; set role hr_clerk;
  sql>; set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
  sql>; set role all except sales_clerk;
  sql>; set role none;
6.remove role from user
  sql>; revoke sales_clerk from scott;
  sql>; revoke hr_manager from public;
7.remove role
  sql>; drop role hr_manager;
8.display role information
   view: =>;dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
  >; v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
  >; shutdown immediate
  >; cp files /backup/
  >; startup
5.restore to a different location
  >; connect system/manager as sysdba
  >; startup mount
  >; alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
  >; alter database open;
6.recover syntax
  --recover a mounted database
  >;recover database;
  >;recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
  >;alter database recover database;
  --recover an opened database
  >;recover tablespace user_data;
  >;recover datafile 2;
  >;alter database recover datafile 2;
7.how to apply redo log files automatically
  >;set autorecovery on
  >;recover automatic datafile 4;
8.complete recovery:
  --method 1(mounted databae)
   >;copy c:backupuser.dbf c:oradatauser.dbf
   >;startup mount
   >;recover datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf;
   >;alter database open;
  --method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
   >;copy c:backupuser.dbf c:oradatauser.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
   >;recover datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf' or
   >;recover tablespace user_data;
   >;alter database datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf' online or
   >;alter tablespace user_data online;
  --method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
   >;startup mount
   >;alter database datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf' offline;
   >;alter database open
   >;copy c:backupuser.dbf d:oradatauser.dbf
   >;alter database rename file 'c:oradatauser.dbf' to 'd:oradatauser.dbf'
   >;recover datafile 'e:oradatauser.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
   >;alter tablespace user_data online;
  --method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
   >;alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
   >;alter database create datafile 'd:oradatauser.dbf' as 'c:oradatauser.dbf''
   >;recover tablespace user_data;
   >;alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
  >; alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
  >; copy files /backup/
  >; alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
  >; alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
  >; alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
  >; alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
  >; shutdown abort
  >; cp files
  >; startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
  >;alter database datafile 2 end backup;
9.clearing redo log file
  >;alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
  >;alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
10.redo log recovery
  >;alter database add logfile group 3 'c:oradataredo03.log' size 1000k;
  >;alter database drop logfile group 1;
  >;alter database open;
  or >;cp c:oradataredo02.log' c:oradataredo01.log
    >;alter database clear logfile 'c:oradatalog01.log';