.NET委托：一个C#睡前故事(.NET Delegates: A C# Bedtime Story

.NET Delegates: A C# Bedtime Story
.NET委托：一个C#睡前故事

 

 

Tight Coupling
紧耦合
Once upon a time, in a strange land south of here, there was a worker named Peter. He was a diligent worker who would readily accept requests from his boss. However, his boss was a mean, untrusting man who insisted on steady progress reports. Since Peter did not want his boss standing in his office looking over his shoulder, Peter promised to notify his boss whenever his work progressed. Peter implemented this promise by periodically calling his boss back via a typed reference like so:

从前，在南方一块奇异的土地上，有个工人名叫彼得，他非常勤奋，对他的老板总是百依百顺。但是他的老板是个吝啬的人，从不信任别人，坚决要求随时知道彼得的工作进度，以防止他偷懒。但是彼得又不想让老板呆在他的办公室里站在背后盯着他，于是就对老板做出承诺：无论何时，只要我的工作取得了一点进展我都会及时让你知道。彼得通过周期性地使用“带类型的引用”(原文为：“typed reference” 也就是delegate？？)“回调”他的老板来实现他的承诺，如下：

 

 

 

 

class Worker {
    public void Advise(Boss boss) { _boss = boss; }
    public void DoWork() {
        Console.WriteLine(“工作: 工作开始”);
        if( _boss != null ) _boss.WorkStarted();

        Console.WriteLine(“工作: 工作进行中”);
        if( _boss != null ) _boss.WorkProgressing();

        Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
        if( _boss != null ) {
            int grade = _boss.WorkCompleted();
            Console.WriteLine(“工人的工作得分＝” + grade);
    }
}
private Boss _boss;
}

class Boss {
    public void WorkStarted() { /* 老板不关心。 */ }
    public void WorkProgressing() { /*老板不关心。 */ }
    public int WorkCompleted() {
        Console.WriteLine(“时间差不多！”);
        return 2; /* 总分为10 */
    }
}

class Universe {
    static void Main() {
        Worker peter = new Worker();
        Boss boss = new Boss();
        peter.Advise(boss);
        peter.DoWork();

        Console.WriteLine(“Main: 工人工作完成”);
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

Interfaces
接口
Now Peter was a special person. Not only was he able to put up with his mean-spirited boss, but he also had a deep connection with the universe around him. So much so that he felt that the universe was interested in his progress. Unfortunately, there was no way for Peter to advise the Universe of his progress unless he added a special Advise method and special callbacks just for the Universe, in addition to keeping his boss informed. What Peter really wanted to do was to separate the list of potential notifications from the implementation of those notification methods. And so he decided to split the methods into an interface:

现在，彼得成了一个特殊的人，他不但能容忍吝啬的老板，而且和他周围的宇宙也有了密切的联系，以至于他认为宇宙对他的工作进度也感兴趣。不幸的是，他必须也给宇宙添加一个特殊的回调函数Advise来实现同时向他老板和宇宙报告工作进度。彼得想要把潜在的通知的列表和这些通知的实现方法分离开来，于是他决定把方法分离为一个接口：

 

 

 

interface IWorkerEvents {
    void WorkStarted();
    void WorkProgressing();
    int WorkCompleted();
}

class Worker {
    public void Advise(IWorkerEvents events) { _events = events; }
    public void DoWork() {
        Console.WriteLine(“工作: 工作开始”);
        if( _events != null ) _events.WorkStarted();

        Console.WriteLine(“工作: 工作进行中”);
        if(_events != null ) _events.WorkProgressing();

        Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
        if(_events != null ) {
            int grade = _events.WorkCompleted();

            Console.WriteLine(“工人的工作得分＝” + grade);
            }
    }
    private IWorkerEvents _events;
}

class Boss : IWorkerEvents {
    public void WorkStarted() { /* 老板不关心。 */ }
    public void WorkProgressing() { /* 老板不关心。 */ }
    public int WorkCompleted() {
        Console.WriteLine(“时间差不多！”);
        return 3; /* 总分为10 */
    }
}

 

 

 

Delegates
委托

 

Unfortunately, Peter was so busy talking his boss into implementing this interface that he didn't get around to notifying the Universe, but he knew he would soon. At least he'd abstracted the reference of his boss far away from him so that others who implemented the IWorkerEvents interface could be notified of his work progress.

Still, his boss complained bitterly. "Peter!" his boss fumed. "Why are you bothering to notify me when you start your work or when your work is progressing?!? I don't care about those events. Not only do you force me to implement those methods, but you're wasting valuable work time waiting for me to return from the event, which is further expanded when I am far away! Can't you figure out a way to stop bothering me?"

And so, Peter decided that while interfaces were useful for many things, when it came to events, their granularity was not fine enough. He wished to be able to notify interested parties only of the events that matched their hearts' desires. So, he decided to break the methods out of the interface into separate delegate functions, each of which acted like a little tiny interface of one method each:

 

不幸的是，每当彼得忙于通过接口的实现和老板交流时，就没有机会及时通知宇宙了。至少他应该忽略身在远方的老板的引用，好让其他实现了 IWorkerEvents的对象得到他的工作报告。

他的老板还是抱怨得很厉害。“彼得！”他老板吼道，“你为什么在工作一开始和工作进行中都来烦我？！我不关心这些事件。你不但强迫我实现了这些方法，而且还在浪费我宝贵的工作时间来处理你的事件，特别是当我外出的时候更是如此！你能不能不再来烦我？”

于是，彼得意识到接口虽然在很多情况都很有用，但是当用作事件时，“粒度”不够好。他希望能够仅在别人想要时才通知他们，于是他决定把接口的方法分离为单独的委托，每个委托都像一个小的接口方法：

delegate void WorkStarted();
delegate void WorkProgressing();
delegate int WorkCompleted();

class Worker {
    public void DoWork() {
        Console.WriteLine(“工作: 工作开始”);
        if( started != null ) started();

        Console.WriteLine(“工作: 工作进行中”);
        if( progressing != null ) progressing();

        Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
        if( completed != null ) {
            int grade = completed();
            Console.WriteLine(“工人的工作得分＝” + grade);
        }
    }
    public WorkStarted started;
    public WorkProgressing progressing;
    public WorkCompleted completed;
}

class Boss {
    public int WorkCompleted() {
    Console.WriteLine("Better...");
    return 4; /* 总分为10 */
}
}

class Universe {
    static void Main() {
        Worker peter = new Worker();
        Boss boss = new Boss();
        peter.completed = new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted);
        peter.DoWork();

        Console.WriteLine(“Main: 工人工作完成”);
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

Static Listeners
静态监听者
This accomplished the goal of not bothering his boss with events that he didn't want, but still Peter had not managed to get the universe on his list of listeners. Since the universe is an all-compassing entity, it didn't seem right to hook delegates to instance members (imagine how many resources multiple instances of the universe would need...). Instead, Peter need to hook delegates to static members, which delegates support fully:

这样，彼得不会再拿他老板不想要的事件来烦他老板了，但是他还没有把宇宙放到他的监听者列表中。因为宇宙是个包涵一切的实体，看来不适合使用实例方法的委托（想像一下，实例化一个“宇宙”要花费多少资源…..），于是彼得就需要能够对静态委托进行挂钩，委托对这一点支持得很好：

class Universe {
    static void WorkerStartedWork() {
        Console.WriteLine("Universe notices worker starting work");
    }

    static int WorkerCompletedWork() {
        Console.WriteLine("Universe pleased with worker's work");
        return 7;
    }

    static void Main() {
        Worker peter = new Worker();
        Boss boss = new Boss();
        peter.completed = new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted);
        peter.started = new WorkStarted(Universe.WorkerStartedWork);
        peter.completed = new WorkCompleted(Universe.WorkerCompletedWork);
        peter.DoWork();

        Console.WriteLine(“Main: 工人工作完成”);
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

Events
事件
Unfortunately, the Universe being very busy and unaccustomed to paying attention to individuals, has managed to replace Peter's boss's delegate with its own. This is an unintended side effect of making the delegate fields public in Peter's Worker class. Likewise, if Peter's boss gets impatient, he can decide to fire Peter's delegates himself (which is just the kind of rude thing that Peter's boss was apt to do):

不幸的是，宇宙太忙了，也不习惯时刻关注它里面的个体，它可以用自己的委托替换了彼得老板的委托。这是把彼得的Worker类的的委托字段做成public的一个无意识的副作用。同样，如果彼得的老板不耐烦了，也可以决定自己来激发彼得的委托（真是一个粗鲁的老板）：

// Peter's boss taking matters into his own hands
if( peter.completed != null ) peter.completed();

 

Peter wants to make sure that neither of these can happens. He realizes he needs to add registration and unregistration functions for each delegate so that listeners can add or remove themselves, but can't clear the entire list or fire Peter's events. Instead of implementing these functions himself, Peter uses the event keyword to make the C# compiler build these methods for him:

彼得不想让这些事发生，他意识到需要给每个委托提供“注册”和“反注册”功能，这样监听者就可以自己添加和移除委托，但同时又不能清空整个列表也不能随意激发彼得的事件了。彼得并没有来自己实现这些功能，相反，他使用了event关键字让C#编译器为他构建这些方法：

class Worker {
...
    public event WorkStarted started;
    public event WorkProgressing progressing;
    public event WorkCompleted completed;
}

 

Peter knows that the event keyword erects a property around a delegate, only allowing C# clients to add or remove themselves with the += and -= operators, forcing his boss and the universe to play nicely:

彼得知道event关键字在委托的外边包装了一个property，仅让C#客户通过+= 和 -=操作符来添加和移除，强迫他的老板和宇宙正确地使用事件。

static void Main() {
    Worker peter = new Worker();
    Boss boss = new Boss();
    peter.completed += new WorkCompleted(boss.WorkCompleted);
    peter.started += new WorkStarted(Universe.WorkerStartedWork);
    peter.completed += new WorkCompleted(Universe.WorkerCompletedWork);
    peter.DoWork();

    Console.WriteLine(“Main: 工人工作完成”);
    Console.ReadLine();
}

Harvesting All Results
“收获”所有结果
At this point, Peter breathes a sign of relief. He has managed to satisfy the requirements of all his listeners without having to be closely coupled with the specific implementations. However, he notices that while both his boss and the universe provide grades of his work that he's only receiving one of the grades. In the face of multiple listeners, he'd really like to harvest all of their results. So, he reaches into his delegate and pulls out the list of listeners so that he can call each of them manually:

到这时，彼得终于可以送一口气了，他成功地满足了所有监听者的需求，同时避免了与特定实现的紧耦合。但是他注意到他的老板和宇宙都为它的工作打了分，但是他仅仅接收了一个分数。面对多个监听者，他想要“收获”所有的结果，于是他深入到代理里面，轮询监听者列表，手工一个个调用：

public void DoWork() {
    ...
    Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
    if( completed != null ) {
        foreach( WorkCompleted wc in completed.GetInvocationList() ) {
            int grade = wc();
            Console.WriteLine(“工人的工作得分＝” + grade);
        }
    }
}

 

Async Notification: Fire & Forget
异步通知：激发 & 忘掉
In the meantime, his boss and the universe have been distracted with other things, which means that the time it takes them to grade Peter's work is greatly expanded:

同时，他的老板和宇宙还要忙于处理其他事情，也就是说他们给彼得打分所花费的事件变得非常长：

class Boss {
    public int WorkCompleted() {
        System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000);
        Console.WriteLine("Better..."); return 6; /* 总分为10 */
    }
}

class Universe {
    static int WorkerCompletedWork() {
        System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(4000);
        Console.WriteLine("Universe is pleased with worker's work");
        return 7;
    }
    ...
}

 

Unfortunately, since Peter is notifying each listener one at a time, waiting for each to grade him, these notifications now take up quite a bit of his time when he should be working. So, he decides to forget the grade and just fire the event asynchronously:

很不幸，彼得每次通知一个监听者后必须等待它给自己打分，现在这些通知花费了他太多的工作事件。于是他决定忘掉分数，仅仅异步激发事件：

public void DoWork() {
    ...
    Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
    if( completed != null ) {
        foreach( WorkCompleted wc in completed.GetInvocationList() )
        {
            wc.BeginInvoke(null, null);
        }
    }
}

Async Notification: Polling
异步通知：轮询

 

This allows Peter to notify the listeners while letting Peter get back to work immediately, letting the process thread pool invoke the delegate. Over time, however, Peter finds that he misses the feedback on his work. He knows that he does a good job and appreciates the praise of the universe as a whole (if not his boss specifically). So, he fires the event asynchronously, but polls periodically, looking for the grade to be available:

这使得彼得可以通知他的监听者，然后立即返回工作，让进程的线程池来调用这些代理。随着时间的过去，彼得发现他丢失了他工作的反馈，他知道听取别人的赞扬和努力工作一样重要，于是他异步激发事件，但是周期性地轮询，取得可用的分数。

public void DoWork() {
    ...
    Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
    if( completed != null ) {
        foreach( WorkCompleted wc in completed.GetInvocationList() ) {
            IAsyncResult res = wc.BeginInvoke(null, null);
            while( !res.IsCompleted ) System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1);
            int grade = wc.EndInvoke(res);
            Console.WriteLine(“工人的工作得分＝” + grade);
        }
    }
}

 

Async Notification: Delegates
异步通知：委托
Unfortunately, Peter is back to what he wanted his boss to avoid with him in the beginning, i.e. looking over the shoulder of the entity doing the work. So, he decides to employ his own delegate as a means of notification when the async delegate has completed, allowing him to get back to work immediately, but still be notified when his work has been graded:

不幸地，彼得有回到了一开始就想避免的情况中来，比如，老板站在背后盯着他工作。于是，他决定使用自己的委托作为他调用的异步委托完成的通知，让他自己立即回到工作，但是仍可以在别人给他的工作打分后得到通知：

    public void DoWork() {
        ...
        Console.WriteLine("“工作: 工作完成”");
        if( completed != null ) {
            foreach( WorkCompleted wc in completed.GetInvocationList() ) {
                wc.BeginInvoke(new AsyncCallback(WorkGraded), wc);
            }
        }
    }

    private void WorkGraded(IAsyncResult res) {
        WorkCompleted wc = (WorkCompleted)res.AsyncState;
        int grade = wc.EndInvoke(res);
        Console.WriteLine(“工人的工作得分＝” + grade);
    }

 

Happiness in the Universe
宇宙中的幸福
Peter, his boss and the universe are finally satisfied. Peter's boss and the universe are allowed to be notified of the events that interest them, reducing the burden of implementation and the cost of unnecessary round-trips. Peter can notify them each, ignoring how long it takes them to return from their target methods, while still getting his results asynchronously. Peter knows that it's not *quite* that easy, because as soon as he fires events asynchronously, the target methods are likely to be executed on another thread, as is Peter's notification of when the target method has completed. However, Peter is good friends with Mike , who is very familiar with threading issues and can provide guidance in that area.

And they a lived happily every after. The end.

 

彼得、他的老板和宇宙最终都满足了。彼得的老板和宇宙可以收到他们感兴趣的事件通知，减少了实现的负担和非必需的往返“差旅费”。彼得可以通知他们，而不管他们要花多长时间来从目的方法中返回，同时又可以异步地得到他的结果。彼得知道，这并不*十分*简单，因为当他异步激发事件时，方法要在另外一个线程中执行，彼得的目的方法完成的通知也是一样的道理。但是，迈克和彼得是好朋友，他很熟悉线程的事情，可以在这个领域提供指导。

他们永远幸福地生活下去……<完>