Tips & Tricks
Featured Article: /proc/meminfo Explained
March 2003
"Free," "buffer," "swap," "dirty." What does it all mean? If you said, "something
to do with the Summer of '68", you may need a primer on 'meminfo'.
The entries in the /proc/meminfo can help explain what's going on with your memory
usage, if you know how to read it.
Example of "cat /proc/meminfo":
root: total: used: free: shared: buffers: cached:
Mem: 1055760384 1041887232 13873152 0 100417536 711233536
Swap: 1077501952 8540160 1068961792
MemTotal: 1031016 kB
MemFree: 13548 kB
MemShared: 0 kB
Buffers: 98064 kB
Cached: 692320 kB
SwapCached: 2244 kB
Active: 563112 kB
Inact_dirty: 309584 kB
Inact_clean: 79508 kB
Inact_target: 190440 kB
HighTotal: 130992 kB
HighFree: 1876 kB
LowTotal: 900024 kB
LowFree: 11672 kB
SwapTotal: 1052248 kB
SwapFree: 1043908 kB
Committed_AS: 332340 kB
The information comes in the form of both high-level and low-level statistics. At the top you see a quick summary of the most common values
people would like to look at. Below you find the individual values we will discuss.
First we will discuss the high-level statistics.
High-Level Statistics
* MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved bits and
the kernel binary code)
* MemFree: Is sum of LowFree+HighFree (overall stat)
* MemShared: 0; is here for compat reasons but always zero.
* Buffers: Memory in buffer cache. mostly useless as metric nowadays
* Cached: Memory in the pagecache (diskcache) minus SwapCache
* SwapCache: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but still
also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it doesn't need to be swapped out
AGAIN because it is already in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
Detailed Level Statistics
VM Statistics
VM splits the cache pages into "active" and "inactive" memory. The idea is that if
you need memory and some cache needs to be sacrificed for that, you take it from in
active since that's expected to be not used. The vm checks what is used on a
regular basis and moves stuff around.
When you use memory, the CPU sets a bit in the pagetable and the VM checks that bit
occasionally, and based on that, it can move pages back to active. And within
active there's an order of "longest ago not used" (roughly, it's a little more
complex in reality). The longest-ago used ones can get moved to inactive.
Inactive is split into two in the above kernel (2.4.18-24.8.0). Some have it
three.
* Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not reclaimed
unless absolutely necessary.
* Inact_dirty: Dirty means "might need writing to disk or swap." Takes more
work to free. Examples might be files that have not been written to yet. They
aren't written to memory too soon in order to keep the I/O down. For instance, if
you're writing logs, it might be better to wait until you have a complete log ready
before sending it to disk.
* Inact_clean: Assumed to be easily freeable. The kernel will try to keep some
clean stuff around always to have a bit of breathing room.
* Inact_target: Just a goal metric the kernel uses for making sure there are
enough inactive pages around. When exceeded, the kernel will not do work to move
pages from active to inactive. A page can also get inactive in a few other ways,
e.g. if you do a long sequential I/O, the kernel assumes you're not going to use
that memory and makes it inactive preventively. So you can get more inactive pages
than the target because the kernel marks some cache as "more likely to be never
used" and lets it cheat in the "last used" order.
Memory Statistics
* HighTotal: is the total amount of memory in the high region. Highmem is all
memory above (approx) 860MB of physical RAM. Kernel uses indirect tricks to access
the high memory region. Data cache can go in this memory region.
* LowTotal: The total amount of non-highmem memory.
* LowFree: The amount of free memory of the low memory region. This is the
memory the kernel can address directly. All kernel datastructures need to go into
low memory.
* SwapTotal: Total amount of physical swap memory.
* SwapFree: Total amount of swap memory free.
* Committed_AS: An estimate of how much RAM you would need to make a 99.99%
guarantee that there never is OOM (out of memory) for this workload. Normally the
kernel will overcommit memory. That means, say you do a 1GB malloc, nothing
happens, really. Only when you start USING that malloc memory you will get real
memory on demand, and just as much as you use. So you sort of take a mortgage and
hope the bank doesn't go bust. Other cases might include when you mmap a file
that's shared only when you write to it and you get a private copy of that data.
While it normally is shared between processes. The Committed_AS is a guesstimate
of how much RAM/swap you would need worst-case.
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