分类: LINUX
2011-06-21 22:00:00
一、查看文件的部分截取
1、head:显示文件的开头几行,默认显示前10行;
head [–n 行数] 文件名
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[root@localhost ~]# head -n 3 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
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2、tail:显示文件的最后几行,默认显示后10行;
tail [选项] 文件名
-n:确定显示的行数; tail [–n 行数] 文件名
-f:可以一直不断的查看某个文件的更新; tail -f 文件名 通常用来查看系统日志;调试服务、make程序时使用;直到按Ctrl-c为止。
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[root@localhost ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Aug 23 11:27:55 localhost syslogd 1.4.1: restart.
Aug 23 12:46:49 localhost NET[7159]: /sbin/dhclient-script : updated /etc/resolv.conf
…………后面会根据系统的情况持续更新显示,直到按Ctrl - c
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思考:查看/etc/passwd第5行-第10行的如何打命令呢?
三、抽取文本命令:
1、正则表达式:
• [0-9] [a-z] [A-Z]等 表示一个集合;
• [abc]:匹配列表里的任何一个字符
• [^abc]:匹配列表以外的字符
• ^abc:匹配以abc开头
• abc$:匹配以abc结尾的
2、grep:显示文件或标准输入中匹配的文本内容
Ø 下面我们看一下grep和正规表达式一起使用的案例:
1)[abc]:
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[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog
[root@localhost ~]# ls |grep '[ai]n'
anaconda-ks.cfg
install.log
install.log.syslog
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2) [^abc]
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[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog test
[root@localhost ~]# ls |grep '[^i]n'
anaconda-ks.cfg
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3)^abc
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[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog test
[root@localhost ~]# ls |grep '^in'
install.log
install.log.syslog
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4)abc$
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[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog test
[root@localhost ~]# ls|grep 'log$'
install.log
install.log.syslog
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Ø grep命令选项:
-i :搜索匹配的关键词时忽略大小写;
-n :显示匹配的行的行号;
-v :过滤掉匹配关键字的行,显示不匹配的;
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[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog
[root@localhost ~]# ls |grep -v ^i
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
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3、cut:显示文件或者标准输入数据的指定的列
cut –d区分分割的定界符 –f 要显示的列的编码 文件名
-d:指定区分的定界符,默认为TAB
-f:指定要显示的列的编码
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[root@server ~]# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
root
Bin
daemon
……下面省略
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三、文本分析处理工具:
1、wc文本统计:
wc [选项] 目标文件
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[root@server ~]# wc /etc/passwd
35 54 1589 /etc/passwd
行数 单次总数 字节总数
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-l:只统计行数
-w:只统计单次总数
-c:只统计字节数
-m:只统计字符总数,包含不显示的;
2、diff:比较文件:
diff 文件1 文件2
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[root@server ~]# diff install.log install.log1
9c9
< 安装 nash-5.1.19.6-54.i386
---
> 装 nash-5.1.19.6-54.i386
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diff –u 文件1 文件2 >补丁文件名 比较文件,然后把不同写到补丁文件中
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[root@localhost ~]# cat test test1
this is a test
where are yourhoume?
this is a exam
where are yourtown?
[root@localhost ~]# diff -u test test1 >test.patch
[root@localhost ~]# cat test.patch
--- test 2010-08-26 15:17:31.000000000 +0800
+++ test1 2010-08-26 15:17:56.000000000 +0800
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-this is a test
-where are yourhoume?
+this is a exam
+where are yourtown?
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log test test1 test.patch
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3、patch:应用文件在其他文件中的改变
patch [-b] 目标文件名 .patch的比较文件
.patch的文件:由diff命令比较创建
-b:备份目标文件;
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[root@localhost ~]# cat test test1
this is a test
where are yourhoume?
this is a exam
where are yourtown?
[root@localhost ~]# patch -b ./test test.patch
patching file ./test
[root@localhost ~]# cat test
this is a exam
where are yourtown?
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4、sort:整理文本命令:
sort [选项] 文件
-r :执行反方向整理(有上之下)
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[root@server ~]# grep bash /etc/passwd|sort
op:x:501:501::/home/op:/bin/bash
redhat:x:500:500::/home/redhat:/bin/bash
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
[root@server ~]# grep bash /etc/passwd|sort -r
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
redhat:x:500:500::/home/redhat:/bin/bash
op:x:501:501::/home/op:/bin/bash
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-n:按照数字大小整理
-u:删除输出中的重复行;
-t 符号:使用符号作为字段的定界符;
-k 列数:按照使用的定界符分割的字段的第 列数 来整理;
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[root@server ~]# sort -t : -k 3 -r /etc/passwd
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:13:news:/etc/news:
sabayon:x:86:86:Sabayon user:/home/sabayon:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
……后面省略
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5、tr:把某个集合内的字符换成另外一个集合中的相应的字符
tr ‘[a-z]’ ‘[A-Z]’ <目标文件 >新文件名
目标文件里的小写字母替换成大写然后不存成新文件;
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[root@localhost ~]# tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
[root@localhost ~]# cat an.bak
# THE FOLLOWING IS THE PARTITION INFORMATION YOU REQUESTED
# NOTE THAT ANY PARTITIONS YOU DELETED ARE NOT EXPRESSED
# HERE SO UNLESS YOU CLEAR ALL PARTITIONS FIRST, THIS IS
# NOT GUARANTEED TO WORK