句法翻译
、换序翻译
英语和汉语在于法结构上差异很大，在翻译过程中，需要经常更换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是根据译文的语言习惯，
对原文的词序进行调整， 是译文做到最大程度上的通顺， 这就是换序译法。若照搬原文的词序，不顾译文语言的习惯， 这样的翻译绘滑稽可笑，
毫无通顺可言，因而译文也不信，违反翻译的标准。
翻译世纪要避免生硬的死译，也要避免不顾原文的现象。
例子见P.81。
1．
Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more
dignity than these creatures. (Alex Haley, Roots)
昆他觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（插入语换序）。
2．From the moment they set foot on
the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their
compatriots. 他们从走上祖国土地的时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序）
3．Cheerful,
efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your
journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情， 总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语易位，
并转变为谓语）。
4．Don’t hesitate to come when you need help. 你们什么时候需要我， 只管来找我。（状语从句换序）。
二、 断句译法
所谓断句以法指的是： 在翻译中把一些长句断开来翻译。在英语句子中，介词短语和动词不定式的应用是很广泛的，翻译是要根据汉语的习惯， 按照逻辑关系分译成几个句子。 汉译英时，也会遇到同样的长句，翻译事业要拆开来译。
例子见 P.85。
1．That question is too hard for me to answer. 那个问题太难了， 我回答不了。（分译动词不定式。）
2．He is too ill to have been anywhere but in bed. 他并得太厉害，哪儿也去不了，只能呆在床上。（分译动词不定式和介词短语。）
3．
Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and
leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless
seeking!（ John Galsworthy, The apple tree.）春花怒放，
春水奔流，无限春光，争奇斗艳，语言已不足以尽述奇妙。（介词短语分译）。
英汉语在句型和排列上各有特点。英语中常用连词、介词、分词短
语和由关系代词、关系副词引出的各种从句组成长句， 有时甚至一段由一句组成。英语长句虽然结构复杂， 但描写细致，逻辑严密。 汉语运用动词最广泛。
再表示一些复杂的概念时， 汉语大都分成若干简短的句子， 逐点交待，层层铺开， 有主有次，有先有后，眉目清楚，词句简练。 因此，
英译汉时，必须抓住全文的中心思想，区别主次，根据时间顺序和逻辑关系， 重新按汉语习惯加以组合， 以确切表示原，不要拘泥原文的形式， 使译文欧化。
1、顺译法。英汉句之结构的顺序相同，层次分明，翻译是可以顺序推进。如：
In
Africa I met a boy①, who was crying as if his heart would break② and
said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because③ he had had no
food for two days.④
在非洲，我遇到一个小孩，她哭的伤心极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。
（这个英语句子的叙述层词合汉语相同， 所以按原文的顺序， 依次译出。）
So a system of reservoir is being dug to store water that can be run down to crops after it is warmed by the sun.
因此修筑了一个水库系统， 先让水储存在水库中， 待太阳晒热后，再灌到田里去。
2、逆译法。英汉语的叙述层次相反，采用逆译法。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I① visited② and the people I met③.
我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。
He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.
他五岁时侯，生了一场伤寒病，变成了笼子。
3、变序法。原句构复杂，可按汉语由近及远的顺序从中断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。
An
“alloy” steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon,
sulfur and prosperous, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or
more than 0.3 per cent silicon, or some other elements in amounts not
encountered in carbon steels.
如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外，黄含有1%多的锰，或0.3%多的硅，或其他碳素钢不包含的其它元素，那么这种钢就是“合金钢”。
4、主次分译法。把此要成分甩开。
A
quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council
symbolized ，especially for the small countries，the supreme guarantee of
a new international order.
二十五年前，联合国大会和安全理事会象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来说，尤其如此。
5、紧缩法。
Presently
the baronet plunged a fork into saucepan on the fire, and withdrew from
the pot a piece of tripe and an onion, which he divided into pretty
equal potions, and of which he partook with Mrs.Tinker.
从男爵把炉叉深入炉火上的平底锅里，叉出一片牛肚和一个洋葱分成差不多大小的两份， 和廷格太太各吃一份。
6、标点符号法。
In
1917 he (Einstein) completed a paper of considerable import for all of
physics: it not only laid down the basic principle of the laser some 40
years before the first such device was made but, more broadly, also
advanced quantum theory.
一九一七年， 他（爱因斯坦）完成了一篇对物理学各部门都颇为重要的论文。它不但奠定了激光理论的基础（四十多年之后才制造出第一个激光装置）， 而且在更广的意义上说， 还发展了量子理论。
7．加词法。
We must not forget Lenin’s statement that as regards our work of ……
我们不能忘记列宁的话。 他说， ……
总之，长句的翻译： 找出动词， 然后排队。
1．按时间顺序排队
2．按逻辑顺序排队，（因果）
3．按空间顺序排队，（方位）。
三、转句译法。
英语里用作状语或定语的词组，或名词词组。经常包含有丰富的语义，有时要把这些成分连同句子的其他成分一起翻译成地道的汉语时有困难。这时不得不把这个词组译成汉语的句子。对这些句子采用分译的方法，可以是译文简洁明确，层次分明，合乎汉语规范。
例子见P89。
1． Through his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.
2. I tried vainly to put the piece together.
3. The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her: neither too fast nor too slow.
四、合句译法
一般说来,英语句子要比汉语的句子长, 信息量也更大, 因此,汉译英时有必要也有可能把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。另外，比较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时也可采用合句译法。
例子见：P92。
(一)、把两个或两个以上的简单句合译成一个汉语单句或复句
当英语中两个或两个以上的简单句关系密切、意义贯通时，可不限于原文的表层结构，将他们合译成一个汉语单句或复句，意义同样完整，还可避免不必要的重复。
1. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.(这个年轻人很惨，已落到生物分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄都被盗)
2． Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. (夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。)
3．
That day, the President had an interview with her father. Her father
was going to the moon by space shuttle. (那一天，总统会见了她父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。
4． She is very busy at home. She had to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.
(二)、把英语中的复合句译成一个汉语单句
英汉两种语言句子结构不完全相同，有时要套用原文的句式往往是行不通的。当原文句子的表层结构与汉语的表达方式不一样时，需要进行句子结构的调整，将原文中的复合句译成一个汉语单句可以使译文紧凑、简练、语气连贯。
1. If we do a thing, we should do it well. (我们要干就要干好)。
2． The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.
3. Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor. (美国有许多风俗习惯在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。)
4． Parents love their children and the love is perfect. (父母对子女的爱是无微不至的。)
五、缩句译法
根据原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言习惯，把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部分。一般情况下，把原文中上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对主要的句子的组成部分，大多数紧缩成状语、定语、同位语乃至主语。例子见P95。
六、转态译法
所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把被动翻成主动或把主动翻成被动。
例子见：P98。
（一）、被动句翻译成主动句
1．按原来顺序已成主动句
（1）The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字.
（2） During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷.
2．动作发出者译成主语
(1). Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.
(2). Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company.
3．原文种某一部分译成主语
(1). The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
(2). My brother was taught shorthand by Mr. Cotton.
4．增加逻辑主语
(1). She hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it. 人家没有告诉她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。
(2). If you are asked personal questions you need not to answer them.
(二). 被动句翻译成汉语的判断句。
1．The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱试用七弦琴伴奏的。
2．The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实行的。
（三）、被动句译成汉语的无主句
1．In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned. 在很多国家， 很少向权威提出质疑。
2．Wrong must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误一定要纠正。
（四）、被动句译成被动句。
1．用“被、受、得”等字
(1).
I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be
respected by member states and by Israel in particular.
我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国，尤其是以色列的尊重。
(2). I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did. 我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。
2．用“由、让”等字
(1). Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。
（2）。The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 骑车人让一辆卡车撞倒了。
3．用“予以、加以”等字
(1). The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项设计将由一个委员会予以审查。
(2). Problems should be resolved in good time. 有问题要及时加以解决。
七、正反译法
由于语言习惯的不同，英汉两种语言在正反说表达时也有差异。根据译文语言的表达习惯，把正面表达的原文从反面已成译文， 反之亦然，这样一种翻译技巧称之为正反译法。
例子见p102.
八、否定句的译法
（一）、全部否定。 英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。如：no, none, not never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither…nor.
(1). Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad.
(2). The boy was nowhere to be found.
(二)、部分否定
当英语中的某些不定代词如all,both, every, each , 某些副词如often,always 和否定词连用时，表示部分否定。
（1）。All the novelist’s detective cases, however, were not successful.
(2). Both the instruments are not precision ones.
(三)、双重否定
汉译时可以翻译成肯定。
（1）. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 有志者事竟成。
（2）. There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。
（3）. He cannot but agree.他不得不同意。
（4）. There is no story without coincidence. │无巧不成书。
（四）、形式否定，意义肯定。
1．“Nothing”. He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺。
2．“cannot be +too+adj.”意为“怎么……也不过分”。“越……越好” 如：
i.you cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。
ii.This point cannot be overemphasized. 这一点应该特别强调。
（五）、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和词汇。
1．动词如：refuse,wonder, fail 等可意译成汉语否定词。
a)The engine failed to start.
b)I wonder if I can go with you.
c)The drain just refused to work.
2. 有些介词如：above, beyond, out of; 形容词如：last, short (of), far from; 副词：ill; 连词：before等，亦有否定意义，可译成汉语的否定词。
1．It is beyond his power to sign the contract.
2．He would be the last man to do the job.
3．This question id far from difficult.
4．We are short of hands at present.
5．Mr. Green is out of town this week.
6．He was ill treated in hospital.
7．I would die before i surrender.
8．He is anything but modest.
9．We tried in vain to measure the voltage.
3. “no more than ”, “no less than ”意为“只……”
she is no less active than she used to be.她跟从前一样活跃。
六、否定转移
1．“no” 与谓语动词的肯定式
（1）At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国在任何时候任何情况下，都不首先使用核武器。
（2）A transformer provides no power of its own.
2．注意“no”“not”都有否定的意义， 但在句子中意义不一样。
(1). He is not a doctor. 他不是医生。
He is no doctor. 他根本不是医生。
（2）. It is not a joke. 这不是笑话。
It is no joke. 这绝对不是开玩笑的事。
3．Think, suppose, believe 等的否定式与that 从句。
(1). I don’t think it is good to marry early.
(2). I don’t suppose they will arrive on time.
一、翻译的基本单位
熟
悉了翻译的基本概念，着手翻译的时候，
译者面对的问题千头万绪，其中一个根本的问题是翻译单位。有人认为翻译单位应该是以思维单位为基础，也有人从翻译实践看，认为翻译单位应该是可以看到的语
言单位为基础。随之而来的问题是究竟是以原语的语言单位还是译语的语言单位为基础，来寻找译语或原语的对应单位？
从翻译实践来看， 翻译单位是指在译语中可以找到的与原语语言单位相对应的份量相等的单位。它可以是：音位、词素、词、词组、句子和语篇。
1．音位（Phoneme）
音位是最小的语言单位，具有语音上的区别特征，本身并不承载语义。翻译时，如原文中的音位需要在译文中对应，音位便成了翻译单位。如：Laser, Lincoln, nylon, copy, Denver, CocaCola, 专有名词和人名等的翻译。
2． 词素（morpheme）
词素是最小的有意义的语言单位，如：walking 有两个词素，dreamy, post-Deng. 词素作为翻译单位的机会极少。
3．词
词是大家最熟悉的语言单位，但是翻译中以词为翻译单位的情况并不多，这是因为英汉语的句法差异较大。 如：The man died 和the man died yesterday.
4． 词组
词
组有时也是翻译的单位， 如：what we should not do in this situation is to fish in
troubled waters. 句中的to fish in troubled waters 就有必要作为一个单位来译。
5．句子
句子是作家写作的基本单位，因此它是译者翻译的基本单位。其他翻译单位知识偶尔使用，而句子则是经常使用的翻译单位。
如：this method of trading is safe, if not safer than giving credit card numbers over the telephone. P. Newmark 倾向于用句子作为翻译的单位。
6．语篇
语
篇是交际功能上相对完整和独立的语言片段。 它不只是一连串句子和段落的简单集合，
而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。语篇的形式可长可短。译者应培养语篇意识，即把握全局的意识。如在解读原文的时候，
某一个词的词义可能要靠前后几段的某个语境加以解释，而这几段文字就可看作是一个语篇。但这么大的语言结构在表达时很难拿来作为翻译的单位，因为它会给译
者无限的自由。当然也不是大的语篇结构就永远也不能作为翻译的单位。 有些文体如广告等， 就可以是一个翻译单位。
7．灵活运用翻译单位这一概念
二、对等译法
所谓对等译法指的是：在译语中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。因此，对等译法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。一般说来，英汉两种语言在单词的对等上几率最高，而词组、成语和谚语的对等几率相对差一些。
（一）单词
1.英汉两种语言在单词的对等译法上需要注意的是：
l英语有丰富的同义词
l英语一词多义和一词多用的现象比较普遍
e.g. like
The two buildings are very like.
这两座楼很相像。（形容词）
Don’t treat me like a guest.
别把我当客人。（介词）
Like enough, the ship will arrive in the port tomorrow.
这条船很可能名天进港。
Like knows like.
英雄识英雄。名词
I hope I can drive the car like you do. (conj.)
我希望开汽车开得象你一样好。
I don’t like smoking. (verb)
l词义一一对关系的词是极少的，最主要的是部分对应关系
l词义宽窄的不同
1．汉语有些词义较英语宽。
山 hill, mountain
借 lend, borrow
拿 take, bring, fetch
叫 cry, shout, call
笑 smile, laugh
门 door, gate
大学 university, college
闻 hear, smell
2．英语有些词义较汉语宽。
Wear 穿、戴
River 江、河
Marriage 娶、嫁
Net 网、帐子
Brother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友
President 总统、长官、校长、主席、董事长
Brother-in-law 姻兄、内弟、妹夫、内兄
Uncle 伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父、叔叔
l观察事物的角度和联想不同
Close the door behind you .---着眼点在人所处的位置
随手关门。---着眼于手
联想不同的例子。
As timid as a hare. 胆小如鼠
As strong as a horse. 身壮如牛
A sea of faces. 人山人海
l 习俗不同，背景不同
to wear one’s Sunday best 穿上最好的衣服
as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗
fool’s paradise 黄粱美梦
l词的涵义和搭配不同
parent ticket 给家长的 入场券
shoe habit 穿鞋的习惯
wheat farmers 种小麦的农民
street sense 在街上辨别方向的能力
life work 毕生奋斗的事业
l词语的排列顺序不同
前后 back and forth
新旧 old and new
冷热 hot and cold
血肉 flesh and blood
悲欢 joy and sorrow
水火 fire and water
同一的 one and the same
不论晴雨 rain or shine
饥寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger
l 英语中习惯用的数词与汉语不同
think twice 三思后行
in two minds 三心二意
in three and fours 三五成行
at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
in ore or two words 三言两语
one in a thousand 百里挑一
2.词汇互译的一些方法
a)准确理解词义
选词义时必须掌握下面三项要领：根据上下文辩词义，论褒贬、看搭配。
1.根据上下文辩词义
即必须根据该词在文中的地位， 联系上下文的逻辑。决定其译义。通常多义词在各种不同的关系中有不同的意义，如：
We passed another town before daylight .
我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。
I used to pass the whole evening that way.
以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。
Now the moment has passed.
现在已经错过机会了。
If I kept on reading that feeling would pass.
如果我这样继续读下去， 这种感觉会消失。
That vessel will soon be passing us.
那只船就要和我们相遇了。
We knew what was passing in his mind.
我们知道他心理在想些什么。
她说英语。 He speaks English.
他说谎。 He is telling a lie.
他说他很忙。He says he is busy.
我说不清楚。I’m unable to express myself clearly.
这可说不得。 It must not be mentioned.
别胡说八道。 Be reasonable.
2.论褒贬
任
何语言都由语体之分，有文雅，有通俗，有粗野；环有俚语，公文语及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物性格特征。翻译时必须审气雅俗，量其
轻重。恰如其分地表达原文的精神。有人把翻译的分寸归纳为：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬、感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。
a)词义有轻重的不同。
如：用来表示“打破”的词：
break 是最一般的用语，意思是经打击或施加压力而破碎。
Crack 是出现了裂缝，但没有变成碎片。
Crush 是从外面用力往内或从上往下压而破碎。
Demolish 是破坏、铲除或削平土堆、建筑物或城堡
Destroy 是在物质上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法复原。
Shatter 是突然使一个物体破碎
Smash 是指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带声响而彻底粉碎。
又如：闪光
shine 照耀：指光的稳定发射。
Glitter 闪光：指光的不稳定发射
Glare 耀眼: 表示光的最强度。
sparkle 闪烁：指发射微细的光度。
Twinkle 闪烁：指轻快有节奏的闪烁。
再如：笑
laugh 大笑
smile 微笑
giggle 傻笑
chuckle 抿着嘴笑
beaming 满脸笑容
jeer 嘲笑
guffaw 放声大笑， 狂笑
smirk 沙笑， 得意的笑
grin 露齿一笑
b) 词义有范围大小和侧重的不同
如： agriculture, farming, cultivation, agronomy
agriculture: 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，所包括的范围最广。
Farming : 指农业的实践。
Cultivation: 指农作物的栽培过程。
Agronomy: 指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中的实践。
c)摹拟动作情状的不同
walk 走
saunter 悠然自得地走
amble 从容不迫地走
stride 大踏步地走
trudge 步履艰难的走
traipse 懒散疲惫地走
shamble 蹒跚地走
prance 昂首阔步的走
scamper 蹦蹦跳地走
clump 拖着沉重的步伐走
d)词义有感情色彩（如憎恶、蔑视、嘲讽、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等）和语体色彩（庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉用语等）的不同。
如：死
to expire
to pass away
to close(end) one’s day
to breathe one’s last
to go west
to pay the debt of nature
to depart to the world of shadows
to give up the ghost
to kick the bucket
又如：怀孕
She is having a baby.
She is expecting.
She is in a family way.
She is in a delicate condition.
再如：
Policeman
Cop
Horse 一般用语
Steed 用于诗歌
The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt.
We have mapped out a scheme.
3.看搭配
That beats me.
真把我难住了。
We can beat him.
我们可以打败她。
He was cursing to beat the band.
他骂了个痛快淋漓。
These constant changes in the weather beat me.
这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。
He can beat me hollow at mathematics.
他的数学比我高明千万倍。
It beats me how he did it.
我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。
The long tramp beats me.
长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。
They beat their swords into plowshares.
他们化剑为犁。
b)活用词典
如furiously 再词典上为“狂怒地”，译者不能遇到这个词便对号入座。它在不同的上下文中可翻译为：怒气冲冲，满脸怒气、勃然大怒、大为光火、火冒三丈、怒火中烧、大发雷霆、怒从心头起、气炸了肺。
c) 词的引申
翻
译时，有时会遇到某些词，在词典上找不到适当的词义，如照样硬搬，逐字死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能去确切表达原意，这时就要根据上下文和逻辑关系，
从该词的基本意思出发，进一步引申词义，选择恰当的词汇来翻译。引申的方法如：词义抽象化，具体化、改变句子结构、增词、减词、转换词性等， 见下。
（二）成语
成语的对等翻译是从三个方面体现出来的，即：
a)比喻意义
b)感情色彩
c)比喻形式
在对等上，比喻意义最为重要，其次是感情色彩，再者是比喻形式。翻译时尽可能再现比喻意义和感情色彩，同时兼顾比喻形式，若不能兼顾则要大胆舍去形式。
具体的例子见教程p45。
插科打诨： gag，make impromptu comic gestures and remarks
畅所欲言： say one’s say
称心如意： to one’s heart’s content, satisfactory
了如指掌： have sth. at one’s finger-tips,
know as one know his ten fingers;
know as well as a beggar knows his bag,
know sth. like the palm of one's hand.
混水摸鱼： fish in troubled waters.
成千上万： thousands upon thousands, many thousands
水深火热： live in great misery，an abyss of suffering，
extreme misery
嗤之以鼻： give a snort of contempt， sniff
皮包骨头：skinny
一触即发：on the verge of breaking out，
may be triggered at any moment
imminent
explosive
一生一世： life lifetime，all one's life
from the cradle to the grave
in all one's born days
一语道破：hit the mark with a single comment
充耳不闻：
出人头地：stand out, a cut above others
吹毛求疵：nitpick; find fault， find a quarrel in straw， carp cavil， criticize
破釜沉舟：burn one's boats， burn one's bridge
大惊小怪：make a fuss; be unnecessarily startled;
get surprised at sth. perfectly normal
大海捞针：fish for a needle in the ocean; look for a needle in a haystack
颠倒黑白：call white black， swear black is white，call black white and white black; reversal of black and white
confound black and white;
stand facts on their heads
得意忘形：bloat， get dizzy with success
攀龙附凤：play up to people of power and influence;
put oneself under the patronage of a bigwig
大发雷霆：be furious， fly into a rage， be torn by rage
骑虎难下：be in for it， have a wolf by the ears
视而不见：ignore; look but do not see
（三）谚语
谚语的对等翻译和成语的对等翻译一样，也是从比喻意义、比喻形式、感情色彩三方面来体现的。其中比喻意义的对等是最重要的，其次是感情色彩，再者是比喻形式。如：
1．Look before you leap. [看清楚了再跳]
2．Make hay while the sun shines.[指有机会就要抓住活利用，做事要看合适的时机] [译：晒草要趁阳光好， 行事要趁机会好。] （Strike while the iron is hot.）
3．There is no smoke without fire.[事出总有因][无火不起烟]
4．Ill news travels fast. Ill new runs apace. Bad news travels quickly. Ill news flies fast.
5．Practice makes perfect. Use legs and have legs.手脚越用越灵活。作事越做越会做。
6．欲速则不达。The more haste, the less speed. Haste makes waste.
7．出门一里，不如家里。 （lit: It is better to stay at home than to go abroad a half kilometer. Fig. There is no place like home.）
8．拉入篮里就是菜。
9．
皇天不负有心人。Lit：Heaven does not disappoint people who take pains. Fig:
Providence does not let down those who do their best. Or. Heaven helps
those who help themselves.
10．小巫见大巫. 日出月不见。The moon is not seen when the sun shines.
（四）英译汉句子翻译实例
见46 页。
1．Take with a grain salt. 对…持怀疑态度；有所保留.
2．Have an ace up one’s sleeve. 握着王牌, 有应急的妙计.
3．Go through fire and water. 赴汤蹈火, 历尽艰险.
4．Have a lucky star above you. Have a good luck.
5．Between the devil and the deep sea. 腹背受敌, 进退两难
6．Reap what he sows. Have only oneself to blame.
7．Throws cares to the winds. Beyond the highest heavens.
8．Fair without and foul within. 口蜜腹剑, 犹大之吻( a Judas kiss.) A honey tongue, a heart of gall. 口蜜腹剑。
9．Have a ready tongue.
10. light-fingered gentry.
（五）汉译英句子翻译实例
1．每况愈下：go down the drain，go from bad to worse， worse and worse
2．迷人眼目：confuse the eyes of the people, cheat or fool others, throw dust in sb’s eyes.
3．扪心自问：lay the hand on the heart and examine oneself. Examine one’s conscience. Search one’s heart, look into one’s own heart
4．
摩拳擦掌: rub one’s fists and wipe one’s palms, to be eager for a fight, be
ready to fight, roll up one’s sleeves for battle, rub hands and clench
fists in preparation for fight.
5．全力以赴：do one's level best, go all out, go for broke, pull out all stops
6．
忍气吞声：swallow insult and humiliation silently, control oneself and
suppress one’s indignation, eat humble pie, endure without protest,
hold back one’s anger and say nothing, restrain one’s anger and abstain
from saying , sallow one’s wrath and dare say nothing, swallow the
insult in meek submission.
7．走投无路： be driven into a corner, be
driven desperate, be driven from pillar to post, be driven to
desperation, come to the end of one’s tether.
8．游手好闲：dawdle, eat the bread of idleness, rogue,
9．
引狼入室：open the door to a dangerous person, invite a wolf to the house,
let the wolf to the sheepfold, set the wolf to keep the sheep.
10．信口开河，shoot off one’s mouth, talk at random,
11．一窍不通。know nothing about, be utterly ignorant of, it is all Greek to sb. Know nothing of , not to know the first thing about.
二、具体译法
所谓具体化译法， 指的是在翻译过程中把原文中的抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或是比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者是句子来进行翻译的方法。目的是消除或降低语言差别给读者带来的损失， 使译文和原文产生同样的效果。
（一）、单词、词组和成语英译汉是的具体译法。
见P48。
1、He was a tough proposition.
他是一个难对付的家伙。
2、We Zanzibar would like to build a colored society where all men have equal opportunity.我们桑给巴尔人愿意建立一个机会均等而肤色人中不同的社会。
3、The battlefield became something holy. It was not touched.
这个战场几乎成为一个圣地了。 它仍然保持着当年的旧观。
4、The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing. 对于大多数去北京的外国访客，万里长城是必不可少的参观游览项目。
（二）、单词、词组和成语汉译英时具体译法的译例。
见P 49.
1．broil; wrangle; hue and cry against
（三）、 句子英译汉是的具体译法的例子
见P49.
（四）、句子汉译英时具体译法的例子
见P51。
三、抽象译法
抽象译法与具体化译法相反。 所谓抽象译法指的是：把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、成语或句子进行抽象化处理。 目的是保持译文的忠实和通顺。
（一）单词、词组、或成语英译汉时抽象译法的译例
（二）单词、词组、或成语汉译英时抽象译法的译例
（三）句子英译汉时抽象翻译法的例子
（四）句子汉译英时抽象译法的译例
1.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his nature.
2.Every life has its roses and thorns.
3.She sailed into the room. 女子:步态优美地走; 通过The duchess sailed into the room. 公爵夫人轻盈地走进了房间。
4.We must keep our powder dry. 我们要时刻保持警惕。
5.John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. eat no fish 作诚实可靠的人 play the game 遵守比赛规则, 行动光明正大
四、 增词译法
增词译法是指在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或是完整的句子使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文的习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来， 使得译文于原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来。
增词译法在英译汉中实际上是添加原文中虽无形式但有其义的成分。增词译法在汉译英中实际上添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分。
增词的原因在于：词汇的差异、语法结构的差异和文化背景的差异。
增词译法可以是：
1．据语义增词
a)My grandparents believed you were either honest or you weren’t. there was no between. 我的祖父母认为, 你要么诚实,要么不诚实, 没有中间道路可选.
b)For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid. 几个月来， 我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。
c)This was the Angel of History! We felt its wings flutter through the room. 这真是历史的天使降临了！我们感到他在我们房间里振翅鼓翼的声音。
d)He said he’d come to the discussion. 他说他要来参加讨论。
2．据语法需要增词。形合和意合的语言。
a)They are leading a happy life. 他们现在过着幸福的生活。
b)He
was the late president’s alter ego and he is a close and influential
friend of the president to be in office. 他过去是已故总统的化身，
而现在是即将就职的总统的亲密而有影响的朋友。
c)First of all, it seems that a successful
scientist is full of curiosity… he is skeptical—he does not accept
statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available.
首先， 成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。 …… 他习惯于怀疑—除非是建立在现有的充分论据之上的论述，他才接受。
d)Then the whole course of my life might have been different. 如果真是那样的话， 我的生命路程也许会是另一番景象。
3．解释性增词 –文化背景差异
a)…, this hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid. 这个很有希望的年轻人 就扮成极其讨人喜欢的插着翅膀的爱神丘比特。
b)…
that the female Boundby , instead of being the Gorgon he had expected,
was young and remarkably pretty. 那位叫旁得贝的女人， 并不是他想象的那样，
是一个看谁一眼就会把谁变成石头的女妖高根， 而是一个年轻的绝色美人儿。
c)Can the leopard change his spots？豹子改不了身上的斑纹，这叫本性难移。
偶合词组（pair words）要么是同义要么是反义，大多是同义，用or表示的反义较多， 前面是拉丁语或者是希腊词，后面是应与本土词。原因是Grammar School 要学拉丁语，17，18，19世纪的学者的卖弄。目前这种词大约有2000多个。如：
time and tide (时光，岁月)
twists and turns 挫折，弯路
vice and crime 罪恶
setbacks and reverses 失败，挫折
ways and means 方式，方法
chance and opportunity 机会
aim and object 目的
whims and fancies 想入非非
toss and turn 辗转反侧
pick and choose 挑剔
hue and cry 叫喊
part and parcel 部分
by leaps and bounds 飞跃地
stuff and nonsense 胡说八道
traits and qualities 品质
setting and background 背景
e.g.
Read
not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor
to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
（读书是不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书中所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。）
50句很美的句子 中英文对照
50句很美的句子 中英文对照
1.夏天的飞鸟，飞到我的窗前唱歌，又飞去了。
秋天的黄叶，它们没有什么可唱，只叹息一声，飞落在那里。
Stray birds of summer come to my window to sing and fly away.
And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, flutter and fall there with a sign.
2.世界上的一队小小的漂泊者呀，请留下你们的足印在我的文字里。
A Troupe of little vagrants of the world, leave your footprints in my words.
3.世界对着它的爱人，把它浩翰的面具揭下了。
它变小了，小如一首歌，小如一回永恒的接吻。
The world puts off its mask of vastness to its lover.
It becomes small as one song, as one kiss of the eternal.
4.是大地的泪点，使她的微笑保持着青春不谢。
It is the tears of the earth that keep here smiles in bloom.
5.无垠的沙漠热烈追求一叶绿草的爱，她摇摇头笑着飞开了。
The mighty desert is burning for the love of a bladeof grass who
shakes her head and laughs and flies away.
6.如果你因失去了太阳而流泪，那么你也将失去群星了。
If you shed tears when you miss the sun, you also miss the stars.
7.跳舞着的流水呀，在你途中的泥沙，要求你的歌声，你的流动呢。你肯挟
瘸足的泥沙而俱下么？
The sands in your way beg for your song and your movement, dancing
water. Will you carry the burden of their lameness?
8.她的热切的脸，如夜雨似的，搅扰着我的梦魂。
Her wishful face haunts my dreams like the rain at night.
9.有一次，我们梦见大家都是不相识的。
我们醒了，却知道我们原是相亲相爱的。
Once we dreamt that we were strangers.
We wake up to find that we were dear to each other.
10.忧思在我的心里平静下去，正如暮色降临在寂静的山林中。
Sorrow is hushed into peace in my heart like the evening among
the silent trees.
11.有些看不见的手，如懒懒的微（风思）的，正在我的心上奏着
潺（氵爰）的乐声。
Some unseen fingers, like an idle breeze, are playing upon my heart
the music of the ripples.
12.“海水呀，你说的是什么？”
“是永恒的疑问。”
“天空呀，你回答的话是什么？”
“是永恒的沉默。”
What language is thine, O sea?
The language of eternal question.
What language is thy answer, O sky?
The language of eternal silence.
13.静静地听，我的心呀，听那世界的低语，这是它对你求爱的表示呀。
Listen, my heart, to the whispers of the world with which it makes
love to you.
14.创造的神秘，有如夜间的黑暗－－是伟大的。而知识的幻影却不过如晨间
之雾。
The mystery of creation is like the darkness of night--it is great.
Delusions of knowledge are like the fog of the morning.
15.不要因为峭壁是高的，便让你的爱情坐在峭壁上。
Do not seat your love upon a precipice because it is high.
16.我今晨坐在窗前，世界如一个路人似的，停留了一会，向我点点头又走过
去了。
I sit at my window this morning where the world like a passer-by stops
for a moment, nods to me and goes.
17.这些微（风思），是树叶的簌簌之声呀；它们在我的心里欢悦地微语着。
There little thoughts are the rustle of leaves; they have their
whisper of joy in my mind.
18.你看不见你自己，你所看见的只是你的影子。
What you are you do not see, what you see is your shadow.
19.神呀，我的那些愿望真是愚傻呀，它们杂在你的歌声中喧叫着呢。
让我只是静听着吧。
My wishes are fools, they shout across thy song, my Master.
Let me but listen.
20.我不能选择那最好的。
是那最好的选择我。
I cannot choose the best.
The best chooses me.
21.那些把灯背在背上的人，把他们的影子投到了自己前面。
They throw their shadows before them who carry their lantern on
their back.
22.我的存在，对我是一个永久的神奇，这就是生活。
That I exist is a perpetual surprise which is life.
23.“我们萧萧的树叶都有声响回答那风和雨。你是谁呢，那样的沉默着？”
“我不过是一朵花。”
We, the rustling leaves, have a voice that answers the storms,
but who are you so silent?“
I am a mere flower.
24.休息与工作的关系，正如眼睑与眼睛的关系。
Rest belongs to the work as the eyelids to the eyes.
25.人是一个初生的孩子，他的力量，就是生长的力量。
Man is a born child, his power is the power of growth.
26.神希望我们酬答他，在于他送给我们的花朵，而不在于太阳和土地。
God expects answers for the flowers he sends us, not for the sun
the earth.
27.光明如一个裸体的孩子，快快活活地在绿叶当中游戏，它不知道人是会欺
诈的。
The light that plays, like a naked child, among the green leaves
happily knows not that man can lie.
28.啊，美呀，在爱中找你自己吧，不要到你镜子的谄谀去找寻。
O Beauty, find thyself in love, not in the flattery of thy mirror.
29.我的心把她的波浪在世界的海岸上冲激着，以热泪在上边写着她的题记：
“我爱你。”
My heart beats her waves at the shore of the world and writes upon
it her signature in tears with the words, “I love thee.“
30.“月儿呀，你在等候什么呢？”
“向我将让位给他的太阳致敬。”
Moon, for what do you wait?
To salute the sun for whom I must make way.
31.绿树长到了我的窗前，仿佛是喑哑的大地发出的渴望的声音。
The trees come up to my window like the yearning voice of the dumb earth.
32.神自己的清晨，在他自己看来也是新奇的。
His own mornings are new surprises to God.
33.生命从世界得到资产，爱情使它得到价值。
Life finds its wealth by the claims of the world, and its worth
by the claims of love.
34.枯竭的河床，并不感谢它的过去。
The dry river-bed finds no thanks for its past.
35.鸟儿愿为一朵云。
云儿愿为一只鸟。
The bird wishes it were a cloud.
The cloud wishes it were a bird.
36.瀑布歌唱道：“我得到自由时便有了歌声了。”
The waterfall sing, “I find my song, when I find my freedom.“
37.我说不出这心为什么那样默默地颓丧着。
是为了它那不曾要求，不曾知道，不曾记得的小小的需要。
I cannot tell why this heart languishes in silence.
It is for small needs it never asks, or knows or remembers.
38.妇人，你在料理家务的时候，你的手足歌唱着，正如山间的溪水歌唱着在
小石中流过。
Woman, when you move about in your household service your limbs sing
like a hill stream among its pebbles.
39.当太阳横过西方的海面时，对着东方留下他的最后的敬礼。
The sun goes to cross the Western sea, leaving its last salutation
to the East.
40.不要因为你自己没有胃口而去责备你的食物。
Do not blame your food because you have no appetite.
41.群树如表示大地的愿望似的，踮起脚来向天空窥望。
The trees, like the longings of the earth, stand atiptoe to peep
at the heaven.
42.你微微地笑着，不同我说什么话。而我觉得，为了这个，我已等待得久了。
You smiled and talked to me of nothing and I felt that for this
I had been waiting long.
43.水里的游鱼是沉默的，陆地上的兽类是喧闹的，空中的飞鸟是歌唱着的。
但是，人类却兼有海里的沉默，地上的喧闹与空中的音乐。
The fish in the water is silent, the animal on the earth is noisy,
the bird in the air is singing.
But Man has in him the silence of the sea, the noise of the earth and
the music of the air.
44.世界在踌躇之心的琴弦上跑过去，奏出忧郁的乐声。
The world rushes on over the strings of the lingering heart making
the music of sadness.
45.他把他的刀剑当作他的上帝。
当他的刀剑胜利的时候他自己却失败了。
He has made his weapons his gods.
When his weapons win he is defeated himself.
46.神从创造中找到他自己。
God finds himself by creating.
47.阴影戴上她的面幕，秘密地，温顺地，用她的沉默的爱的脚步，跟在“光”
后边。
Shadow, with her veil drawn, follows Light in secret meekness,
with her silent steps of love.
48.群星不怕显得象萤火那样。
The stars are not afraid to appear like fireflies.
49.谢谢神，我不是一个权力的轮子，而是被压在这轮子下的活人之一。
I thank thee that I am none of the wheels of power but I am one with
the living creatures that are crushed by it.
50.心是尖锐的，不是宽博的，它执着在每一点上，却并不活动。
The mind, sharp but not broad, sticks at every point but does not move.
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