分类: LINUX
2009-04-03 20:54:40
Android编译环境(1) - 编译Native C的helloworld模块
Android编译环境本身比较复杂,且不像普通的编译环境:只有顶层目录下才有Makefile文件,而其他的每个component都使用统一标准的Android.mk. Android.mk文件本身是比较简单的,不过它并不是我们熟悉的Makefile,而是经过了Android自身编译系统的很多处理,因此要真正理清楚其中的联系还比较复杂,不过这种方式的好处在于,编写一个新的Android.mk来给Android增加一个新的Component会比较简单。
编译Java程序可以直接采用Eclipse的集成环境来完成,这里就不重复了。我们主要针对C/C++来说明,下面通过一个小例子来说明,如何在Android 中增加一个C程序的Hello World:
1. 在$(YOUR_ANDROID)/development 目录下创建hello目录,其中$(YOUR_ANDROID)指Android源代码所在的目录。
- # mkdir $(YOUR_ANDROID)/development/hello
2. 在$(YOUR_ANDROID)/development/hello/目录编写hello.c文件,hello.c的内容当然就是经典的HelloWorld程序:
#include return 0; |
3. 在$(YOUR_ANDROID)/development/hello/目录编写Android.mk文件。这是Android Makefile的标准命名,不要更改。Android.mk文件的格式和内容可以参考其他已有的Android.mk文件的写法,针对helloworld程序的Android.mk文件内容如下:
LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir) include $(CLEAR_VARS) LOCAL_SRC_FILES:= \ hello.c LOCAL_MODULE := helloworld include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE) |
注意上面LOCAL_SRC_FILES用来指定源文件;,LOCAL_MODULE指定要编译的模块的名字,下一步骤编译时就要用到;include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)表示要编译成一个可执行文件,如果想编译成动态库则可用BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY,这些可以在$(YOUR_ANDROID)/build/core/config.mk查到。
4. 回到Android源代码顶层目录进行编译:
# cd $(YOUR_ANDROID) && make helloworld |
注意make helloworld中的目标名helloworld就是上面Android.mk文件中由LOCAL_MODULE指定的模块名。编译结果如下:
target thumb C: helloworld <= development/hello/hello.c target Executable: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld) target Non-prelinked: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld) target Strip: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld) Install: out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld |
5.如上面的编译结果所示,编译后的可执行文件存放在out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld,通过”adb push”将它传送到模拟器上,再通过”adb shell”登录到模拟器终端,就可以执行了
Android编译环境(2) - 手工编译C模块
上一篇中(即《》),我们试用了通过标准的Android.mk文件来编译C模块,下面我们来试试如何直接运用gcc命令行来编译,从而了解环境的细节。
环境提供了”showcommands”选项来显示编译命令行,我们可以通过打开这个选项来查看一些编译时的细节。当然,在这之前要把上一篇中的helloworld模块clean:
# make clean-helloworld |
上面的“make clean-$(LOCAL_MODULE)”是环境提供的make clean的方式。
接下来使用showcommands选项重新编译helloworld:
# make helloworld showcommands build/core/product_config.mk:229: WARNING: adding test OTA key target thumb C: helloworld <= development/hello/hello.c prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc -I system/core/include -I hardware/libhardware/include -I hardware/ril/include -I dalvik/libnativehelper/include -I frameworks/base/include -I external/skia/include -I out/target/product/generic/obj/include -I bionic/libc/arch-arm/include -I bionic/libc/include -I bionic/libstdc++/include -I bionic/libc/kernel/common -I bionic/libc/kernel/arch-arm -I bionic/libm/include -I bionic/libm/include/arch/arm -I bionic/libthread_db/include -I development/hello -I out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates -c -fno-exceptions -Wno-multichar -march=armv5te -mtune=xscale -msoft-float -fpic -mthumb-interwork -ffunction-sections -funwind-tables -fstack-protector -D__ARM_ARCH_5__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5T__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5E__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5TE__ -include system/core/include/arch/linux-arm/AndroidConfig.h -DANDROID -fmessage-length=0 -W -Wall -Wno-unused -DSK_RELEASE -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -finline-functions -fno-inline-functions-called-once -fgcse-after-reload -frerun-cse-after-loop -frename-registers -DNDEBUG -UDEBUG -mthumb -Os -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -finline-limit=64 -MD -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o development/hello/hello.c target Executable: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld) prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-g++ -nostdlib -Bdynamic -Wl,-T,build/core/armelf.x -Wl,-dynamic-linker,/system/bin/linker -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,-z,nocopyreloc -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld -Lout/target/product/generic/obj/lib -Wl,-rpath-link=out/target/product/generic/obj/lib -lc -lstdc++ -lm out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtbegin_dynamic.o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o -Wl,--no-undefined prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.2.1/interwork/libgcc.a out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtend_android.o target Non-prelinked: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld) out/host/linux-x86/bin/acp -fpt out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld target Strip: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld) out/host/linux-x86/bin/soslim --strip --shady --quiet out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld --outfile out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld Install: out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld out/host/linux-x86/bin/acp -fpt out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld |
从上面的命令行可以看到,环境所用的交叉编译工具链是prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc,-I和-L参数指定了所用的C库头文件和动态库文件路径分别是bionic/libc/include 和out/target/product/generic/obj/lib,其他还包括很多编译选项以及-D所定义的预编译宏。
我们可以利用上面的编译命令,稍加简化来手工编译helloworld程序。先手工删除上次编译得到的helloworld程序:
# rm out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o # rm out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld |
再用gcc编译,生成目标文件:
# prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc -I bionic/libc/arch-arm/include -I bionic/libc/include -I bionic/libc/kernel/common -I bionic/libc/kernel/arch-arm -c -fno-exceptions -Wno-multichar -march=armv5te -mtune=xscale -msoft-float -fpic -mthumb-interwork -ffunction-sections -funwind-tables -fstack-protector -D__ARM_ARCH_5__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5T__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5E__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5TE__ -include system/core/include/arch/linux-arm/AndroidConfig.h -DANDROID -fmessage-length=0 -W -Wall -Wno-unused -DSK_RELEASE -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -finline-functions -fno-inline-functions-called-once -fgcse-after-reload -frerun-cse-after-loop -frename-registers -DNDEBUG -UDEBUG -mthumb -Os -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -finline-limit=64 -MD -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o development/hello/hello.c |
与Android.mk编译参数比较,上面主要减少了不必要的-I参数。
接下来生成可执行文件:
# prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc -nostdlib -Bdynamic -Wl,-T,build/core/armelf.x -Wl,-dynamic-linker,/system/bin/linker -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,-z,nocopyreloc -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld -Lout/target/product/generic/obj/lib -Wl,-rpath-link=out/target/product/generic/obj/lib -lc -lm out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtbegin_dynamic.o -Wl,--no-undefined ./prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.2.1/interwork/libgcc.a out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtend_android.o |
这里值得留意的是参数“-Wl,-dynamic-linker,/system/bin/linker”,它指定了Android专用的动态链接器/system/bin/linker,而不是通常所用的ld.so。
生成的可执行程序可用file和readelf命令来查看一下:
# file out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped # readelf -d out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld |grep NEEDED 0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so] 0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libm.so] |
这是格式的动态链接可执行文件,运行时需要libc.so和libm.so。“not stripped”表示它还没被STRIP。中为节省空间通常将编译完成的可执行文件或动态库进行STRIP,即去掉其中多余的符号表信息。在前面“make helloworld showcommands”命令的最后我们也可以看到,环境中使用了out/host/linux-x86/bin/soslim工具进行STRIP。