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分类: LINUX

2007-12-03 21:14:34

摄像头驱动实现源码分析

Spac5xx的实现是按照标准的USB VIDEO设备的驱动框架编写(其具体的驱动框架可参照/usr/src/linux/drivers/usb/usbvideo.c文件),整个源程序由四个主体部分组成:设备模块的初始化模块和卸载模块,上层软件接口模块,数据传输模块。具体的模块分析如下:

一.           初始化设备模块:

该驱动采用了显式的模块初始化和消除函数,即调用module_init来初始化一个模块,并在卸载时调用moduel-exit函数(此二函数在2.3.13内核开始支持)。其具体实现如下:

1.模块初始化:

module_init (usb_spca5xx_init);

static int __init

usb_spca5xx_init (void)

{

#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS                  

  proc_spca50x_create ();                     //建立PROC设备文件

#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

  if (usb_register (&spca5xx_driver) < 0)         //注册USB设备驱动

    return -1;

  info ("spca5xx driver %s registered", version);

  return 0;

}

2.模块卸载:

module_exit (usb_spca5xx_exit);

tatic void __exit

usb_spca5xx_exit (void)

{

  usb_deregister (&spca5xx_driver);                //注销USB设备驱动

  info ("driver spca5xx deregistered");

#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS

  proc_spca50x_destroy ();                         //撤消PROC设备文件

#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

}

关键数据结构:                             //USB驱动结构,即插即用功能的实现

static struct usb_driver spca5xx_driver = {

       "spca5xx",

       spca5xx_probe,                   //注册设备自我侦测功能

       spca5xx_disconnect,               //注册设备自我断开功能

       {NULL,NULL}

};

  用两个函数调用spca5xx_probe spca5xx_disconnect来支持USB设备的即插即用功能:

spca5xx_probe具体实现如下:

static void *

spca5xx_probe (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int ifnum, const struct usb_device_id *id)

{

  struct usb_interface_descriptor *interface;          //USB设备接口描述符

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x;                    //物理设备数据结构

  int err_probe;

  int i;

  if (dev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations != 1)        //探测设备是不是可配置

    goto nodevice;

  if (ifnum > 0)

    goto nodevice;

  interface = &dev->actconfig->interface[ifnum].altsetting[0];

  MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;

  interface = &intf->altsetting[0].desc;

  if (interface->bInterfaceNumber > 0)

    goto nodevice;

  if ((spca50x = kmalloc (sizeof (struct usb_spca50x), GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)

//分配物理地址空间

    {

      err ("couldn't kmalloc spca50x struct");

      goto error;

    }

  memset (spca50x, 0, sizeof (struct usb_spca50x));

  spca50x->dev = dev;

  spca50x->iface = interface->bInterfaceNumber;

  if ((err_probe = spcaDetectCamera (spca50x)) < 0)      

//具体物理设备查找,匹配厂商号,设备号(在子程序中)

    {

      err (" Devices not found !! ");

      goto error;

    }

  PDEBUG (0, "Camera type %s ", Plist[spca50x->cameratype].name

  for (i = 0; i < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; i++)

    init_waitqueue_head (&spca50x->frame[i].wq);     //初始化帧等待队列

    init_waitqueue_head (&spca50x->wq);            //初始化驱动等待队列

  if (!spca50x_configure (spca50x))                 

//物理设备配置(主要完成传感器侦测和图形参数配置),主要思想是给控制寄存器写值,读回其返回值,以此判断具体的传感器型号

    {

      spca50x->user = 0;

      init_MUTEX (&spca50x->lock);                  //信号量初始化

      init_MUTEX (&spca50x->buf_lock);

      spca50x->v4l_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

      spca50x->buf_state = BUF_NOT_ALLOCATED;

    }                                 

  else

    {

      err ("Failed to configure camera");

      goto error;

    }

  /* Init video stuff */

  spca50x->vdev = video_device_alloc ();           //设备控制块内存分配

  if (!spca50x->vdev)

    goto error;

  memcpy (spca50x->vdev, &spca50x_template, sizeof (spca50x_template)); 

//系统调用的挂接,在此将驱动实现的系统调用,挂到内核中

  video_set_drvdata (spca50x->vdev, spca50x);

  if (video_register_device (spca50x->vdev, VFL_TYPE_GRABBER, video_nr) < 0)

    {                                            //video设备注册

      err ("video_register_device failed");

      goto error;

    }

  spca50x->present = 1;

  if (spca50x->force_rgb)

    info ("data format set to RGB");

  spca50x->task.sync = 0;

  spca50x->task.routine = auto_bh;

  spca50x->task.data = spca50x;

  spca50x->bh_requested = 0;

  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;                            //增加模块使用数

  return spca50x;                                       //返回数据结构

error:                                                  //错误处理

  if (spca50x->vdev)

    {

      if (spca50x->vdev->minor == -1)

       video_device_release (spca50x->vdev);

      else

       video_unregister_device (spca50x->vdev);

      spca50x->vdev = NULL;

    }

  if (spca50x)

    {

      kfree (spca50x);

      spca50x = NULL;

    }

  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;

  return NULL;

nodevice:

  return NULL;

}

Spca5xx_disconnect的具体实现如下:

static void

spca5xx_disconnect (struct usb_device *dev, void *ptr)

{

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = (struct usb_spca50x *) ptr;

  int n;

  MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;                             //增加模块使用数

  if (!spca50x)

    return;

  down (&spca50x->lock);                                //减少信号量

  spca50x->present = 0;                                   //驱动卸载置0

  for (n = 0; n < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; n++)       //标示所有帧ABORTING状态

    spca50x->frame[n].grabstate = FRAME_ABORTING;

    spca50x->curframe = -1;

  for (n = 0; n < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; n++)       //唤醒所有等待进程

    if (waitqueue_active (&spca50x->frame[n].wq))

      wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->frame[n].wq);

  if (waitqueue_active (&spca50x->wq))

      wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->wq);

  spca5xx_kill_isoc(spca50x);                      //子函数终止URB包的传输

  PDEBUG (3,"Disconnect Kill isoc done");

  up (&spca50x->lock);                            //增加信号量

  while(spca50x->user)                            //如果还有进程在使用,进程切换

      schedule();

    down (&spca50x->lock);

    if (spca50x->vdev)

       video_unregister_device (spca50x->vdev);          //注销video设备

      usb_driver_release_interface (&spca5xx_driver,     //端口释放

                                &spca50x->dev->actconfig->

                                interface[spca50x->iface]);

      spca50x->dev = NULL;

      up (&spca50x->lock);

#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS

      destroy_proc_spca50x_cam (spca50x);               //注销PROC文件

#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

      if (spca50x && !spca50x->user)                      //释放内存空间

       {

         spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);

         kfree (spca50x);

         spca50x = NULL;

       }

  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;                              //减少模块记数

  PDEBUG (3, "Disconnect complete");

}

二.           上层软件接口模块:

该模块通过file_operations数据结构,依据V4L协议规范,实现设备的关键系统调用,实现设备文件化的UNIX系统设计特点。作为摄相头驱动,其功能在于数据采集,而没有向摄相头输出的功能,因此在源码中没有实现write系统调用。其关键的数据结构如下:

static struct video_device spca50x_template = {

  .owner = THIS_MODULE,

  .name = "SPCA5XX USB Camera",

  .type = VID_TYPE_CAPTURE,

  .hardware = VID_HARDWARE_SPCA5XX,

  .fops = &spca5xx_fops,

        }

static struct file_operations spca5xx_fops = {

  .owner = THIS_MODULE,

  .open = spca5xx_open,                    //open 功能

  .release = spca5xx_close,                   //close 功能

  .read = spca5xx_read,                      //read  功能

  .mmap = spca5xx_mmap,                   //内存映射功能

  .ioctl = spca5xx_ioctl,                      //文件信息获取

  .llseek = no_llseek,                         //文件定位功能未实现

};

1. Open功能:

完成设备的打开和初始化,并初始化解码器模块。其具体实现如下:

static int

spca5xx_open(struct video_device *vdev, int flags)

{

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = video_get_drvdata (vdev);

  int err;

  MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;                         //增加模块记数

  down (&spca50x->lock);                           

  err = -ENODEV;

  if (!spca50x->present)                 //检查设备是不是存在,有不有驱动,是不是忙

    goto out;

  err = -EBUSY;

  if (spca50x->user)

    goto out;

  err = -ENOMEM;

  if (spca50x_alloc (spca50x))

goto out;                  

  err = spca50x_init_source (spca50x);           //初始化传感器和解码模块,在此函数的实现中,对每一款DSP芯片的初始化都不一样,对中星微301PDSP芯片的初始化在子函数zc3xx_init,其实现方法为寄存器填值。

  if (err != 0){

      PDEBUG (0, "DEALLOC error on spca50x_init_source\n");

       up (&spca50x->lock);

      spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);

    goto out2;

    }

  spca5xx_initDecoder(spca50x);                  //解码模块初始化,其模块的具体实现采用的是huffman算法

  spca5xx_setFrameDecoder(spca50x);

  spca50x->user++;

  err = spca50x_init_isoc (spca50x);              //初始化URB(usb request block) 包,启动摄相头,采用同步传输的方式传送数据

  if (err)

    {

      PDEBUG (0, " DEALLOC error on init_Isoc\n");

      spca50x->user--;

      spca5xx_kill_isoc (spca50x);

      up (&spca50x->lock);

      spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);

      goto out2;

}

  spca50x->brightness = spca50x_get_brghtness (spca50x) << 8;

  spca50x->whiteness = 0;

out:

  up (&spca50x->lock);

out2:

  if (err)

    MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;

  if (err)

    {

      PDEBUG (2, "Open failed");

    }

  else

    {

      PDEBUG (2, "Open done");

    }

  return err;

}

2.Close功能:

  完成设备的关闭,其具体过程是:

static void

spca5xx_close( struct video_device *vdev)

{

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x =vdev->priv;

  int i;

  PDEBUG (2, "spca50x_close");

  down (&spca50x->lock);                       //参数设置

  spca50x->user--;

  spca50x->curframe = -1;

  if (spca50x->present)                        //present:是或有驱动加载

    {

      spca50x_stop_isoc (spca50x);             //停止摄相头工作和数据包发送

      spcaCameraShutDown (spca50x);     //关闭摄相头,由子函数spca50x_stop_isoc完成

  for (i = 0; i < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; i++)    //唤醒所有等待进程

    {

      if (waitqueue_active (&spca50x->frame[i].wq))

         wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->frame[i].wq);

    }

       if (waitqueue_active (&spca50x->wq))

       wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->wq);

  } 

   up (&spca50x->lock);

   spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);                //回收内存空间

  PDEBUG(2,"Release ressources done");

  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;

}

2. Read功能

完成数据的读取,其主要的工作就是将数据由内核空间传送到进程用户空间。

static long

spca5xx_read(struct video_device *dev, char * buf, unsigned long

       count,int noblock)

{

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = video_get_drvdata (dev);

  int i;

  int frmx = -1;

  int rc;

  volatile struct spca50x_frame *frame;

if (down_interruptible(&spca50x->lock))              //获取信号量

              return -EINTR;

  if (!dev || !buf){                                 //判断设备情况

     up(&spca50x->lock);

    return -EFAULT;

}

  if (!spca50x->dev){

     up(&spca50x->lock);

    return -EIO;

}

  if (!spca50x->streaming){

     up(&spca50x->lock);

    return -EIO;

}

if((rc = wait_event_interruptible(spca50x->wq,     //在指定的队列上睡眠,直到参数2的条件为真

              spca50x->frame[0].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ||

              spca50x->frame[1].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ||

              spca50x->frame[2].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ||

              spca50x->frame[3].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ))){

             up(&spca50x->lock);

              return rc;

       }

  for (i = 0; i < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; i++)         //当数据到来

    if (spca50x->frame[i].grabstate == FRAME_DONE)   //标识数据已到

      frmx = i;

  if (frmx < 0)

    {

      PDEBUG (2, "Couldnt find a frame ready to be read.");

      up(&spca50x->lock);

      return -EFAULT;

    }

  frame = &spca50x->frame[frmx];

  PDEBUG (2, "count asked: %d available: %d", (int) count,

         (int) frame->scanlength);

  if (count > frame->scanlength)

    count = frame->scanlength;

  if ((i = copy_to_user (buf, frame->data, count)))   //实现用户空间和内核空间的数据拷贝

    {

      PDEBUG (2, "Copy failed! %d bytes not copied", i);

          up(&spca50x->lock);

      return -EFAULT;

    }

  /* Release the frame */

  frame->grabstate = FRAME_READY;            //标识数据已空

up(&spca50x->lock);                          

  return count;                                //返回拷贝的数据数

}

3. Mmap功能

实现将设备内存映射到用户进程的地址空间的功能,其关键函数是remap_page_range,其具体实现如下:

static int

spca5xx_mmap(struct video_device *dev,const char *adr, unsigned long size)

{

  unsigned long start=(unsigned long) adr;

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = dev->priv;

  unsigned long page, pos;

 

  if (spca50x->dev == NULL)

    return -EIO;

  PDEBUG (4, "mmap: %ld (%lX) bytes", size, size);

  if (size >

 (((SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES * MAX_DATA_SIZE) + PAGE_SIZE - 1) & ~(PAGE_SIZE -1)))

    return -EINVAL;

       if (down_interruptible(&spca50x->lock))               //获取信号量

              return -EINTR;

  pos = (unsigned long) spca50x->fbuf;

  while (size > 0)                                   //循环实现内存映射

    {

      page = kvirt_to_pa (pos);

      if (remap_page_range (start, page, PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SHARED)){  //实现内存映射

         up(&spca50x->lock);

         return -EAGAIN;    }

      start += PAGE_SIZE;

      pos += PAGE_SIZE;

      if (size > PAGE_SIZE)

       size -= PAGE_SIZE;

      else

       size = 0;

    }

up(&spca50x->lock);                             //释放信号量

  return 0;

}

4.  Ioctl功能:

实现文件信息的获取功能,

static int

spca5xx_ioctl (struct inode *inode, struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)

{

       struct video_device *vdev = file->private_data;

       struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = vdev->priv;

       int rc;

       if (down_interruptible(&spca50x->lock))       //获取信号量

              return -EINTR;

  rc = video_usercopy (inode, file, cmd, arg, spca5xx_do_ioctl);  //将信息传送到用户进程,其关键函数实现spca5xx_do_ioctl

up(&spca50x->lock);

  return rc;

}

spca5xx_do_ioctl函数的实现依赖于不同的硬件,本驱动为了支持多种芯片,实现程序过于烦琐,其主要思想是通过copy_to_user(arg,b,sizeof(struct video_capability)函数将设备信息传递给用户进程。

 

三.数据传输模块:

源程序采用tasklet来实现同步快速传递数据,并通过spcadecode.c上的软件解码模块实现图形信息的解码。此模块的入口点挂节在spca_open函数中,其具体的函数为spca50x_init_isoc。当设备被打开时,同步传输数据也已经开始,并通过spca50x_move_data函数将数据传递给驱动程序,驱动程序通过轮询的办法实现对数据的访问。

void

outpict_do_tasklet (unsigned long ptr)

{

  int err;

  struct spca50x_frame *taskletframe = (struct spca50x_frame *) ptr;

  taskletframe->scanlength = taskletframe->highwater - taskletframe->data;

  PDEBUG (2, "Tasklet ask spcadecoder hdrwidth %d hdrheight %d method %d",

         taskletframe->hdrwidth, taskletframe->hdrheight,

         taskletframe->method);

  err = spca50x_outpicture (taskletframe);            //输出处理过的图片数据

  if (err != 0)

    {

      PDEBUG (0, "frame decoder failed (%d)", err);

      taskletframe->grabstate = FRAME_ERROR;

    }

  else

    {

      taskletframe->grabstate = FRAME_DONE;

    }

  if (waitqueue_active (&taskletframe->wq))         //如果有进程等待,唤醒等待进程

    wake_up_interruptible (&taskletframe->wq);

}

   值得一提的是spcadecode.c上解码模块将原始压缩图形数据流yyuyvyuvy jpeg411jpeg422解码为RGB图形,但此部分解压缩算法的实现也依赖于压缩的格式,归根结底依赖于DSP(数字处理芯片)中的硬件压缩算法。

 

四.USB CORE的支持:

LINUX下的USB设备对下层硬件的操作依靠系统实现的USB CORE层,USB CORE对上层驱动提供了众多函数接口如:usb_control_msgusb_sndctrlpipe等,其中最典型的使用为源码中对USB端点寄存器的读写函数spca50x_reg_writespca50x_reg_read等,具体实现如下:(举spca50x_reg_write的实现,其他类似)

static int spca50x_reg_write(struct usb_device *dev,__u16 reg__u16 index,

                        __u16 value)

{

       int rc;

       rc = usb_control_msg(dev,          //通过USB CORE提供的接口函数设置寄存器的值

              usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),

              reg,

              USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_RECIP_DEVICE,

              value, index, NULL, 0, TimeOut);

       PDEBUG(5, "reg write: 0x%02X,0x%02X:0x%02X, 0x%x", reg, index, value, rc);

       if (rc < 0)

              err("reg write: error %d", rc);

       return rc;

}

 

以上为驱动程序的具体框架说明,以及其中的关键数据结构和函数说明。

 

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