从linux 内核2.6的某个版本之后，devfs不复存在，udev成为devfs的替代。相比devfs，udev有很多优势，在此就不罗嗦了，提醒一 点，udev是应用层的东东，不要试图在内核的配置选项里找到它;加入对udev的支持很简单，以作者所写的一个字符设备驱动为例，在驱动初始化的代码里调用class_create为该设备创建一个class，再为每个设备调用 class_device_create创建对应的设备。(不太明白什么是devfs,udev,对linux中的文件系统没有什么概念呢。)
大致用法如下：
struct class *myclass = class_create(THIS_MODULE, “my_device_driver”);
class_device_create(myclass, NULL, MKDEV(major_num, 0), NULL, “my_device”);
这样的module被加载时，udev daemon就会自动在/dev下创建my_device设备文件。
class_create()
-------------------------------------------------
linux-2.6.22/include/linux/device.h
struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name)
class_create - create a struct class structure
@owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
@name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
在/sys/class/下创建类目录
class_device_create()
-------------------------------------------------
linux-2.6.22/include/linux/device.h
struct class_device *class_device_create(struct class *cls,
struct class_device *parent,
dev_t devt,
struct device *device,
const char *fmt, ...)
class_device_create - creates a class device and registers it with sysfs
@cls: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to.
@parent: pointer to the parent struct class_device of this new device, if any.
@devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added.
@device: a pointer to a struct device that is assiociated with this class device.
@fmt: string for the class device's name
在驱动模块初始化函数中实现设备节点的自动创建
我们在刚开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候， 很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点，实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数，可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设 备节点，并在卸载模块时删除该节点，当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。
内核中定义了struct class结构体，顾名思义，一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类， 内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数，可以用它来创建一个类，这个类存放于sysfs下面，一旦创建好了这个类，再调用 device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样，加载模块的时候，用户空间中的udev会自动响应 device_create(…)函数，去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。
注意，在2.6较早的内核版本中，device_create(…)函数名称不同，是class_device_create(…)，所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错，就是因为函数名称不同，而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。
struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中，使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件，否则编译器会报错。
在2.6.26.6内核版本中，struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中
/*
* device classes
*/
struct class {
const char *name;
struct module *owner;
nbsp;struct kset subsys;
struct list_head devices;
struct list_head interfaces;
struct kset class_dirs;
struct semaphore sem; /* locks children, devices, interfaces */
struct class_attribute *class_attrs;
struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;
int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);
int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
};
class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现：
/**
* class_create - create a struct class structure
* @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
* @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
*
* This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
* in calls to device_create().
*
* Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
* making a call to class_destroy().
*/
struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name)
{
struct class *cls;
int retval;
cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!cls) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
cls->name = name;
cls->owner = owner;
cls->class_release = class_create_release;
retval = class_register(cls);
if (retval)
goto error;
return cls;
error:
kfree(cls);
return ERR_PTR(retval);
}
第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块，第二个参数指定类名。
在class.c中，还定义了class_destroy(…)函数，用于在模块卸载时删除类。
device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现：
/**
* device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
* @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
* @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
* @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
* @fmt: string for the device's name
*
* This function can be used by char device classes. A struct device
* will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
*
* A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
* the dev_t is not 0,0.
* If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
* struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
* The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
* Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
* pointer.
*
* Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
* been created with a call to class_create().
*/
struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list vargs;
struct device *dev;
va_start(vargs, fmt);
dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, NULL, fmt, vargs);
va_end(vargs);
return dev;
}
第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类，第二个参数是这个设备的父设备，如果没有就指定为NULL，第三个参数是设备号，第四个参数是设备名称，第五个参数是从设备号。
下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
int hello_major = 555;
int hello_minor = 0;
int number_of_devices = 1;
struct cdev cdev;
dev_t dev = 0;
struct file_operations hello_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE
};
static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)
{
int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
cdev_init (&cdev, &hello_fops);
cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
cdev.ops = &hello_fops;
error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno , 1);
if (error)
printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);
}
struct class *my_class;
static int __init hello_2_init (void)
{
int result;
dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, "hello");
if (result<0) {
printk (KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d\n", hello_major);
return result;
}
char_reg_setup_cdev ();
/* create your own class under /sysfs */
my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "my_class");
if(IS_ERR(my_class))
{
printk("Err: failed in creating class.\n");
return -1;
}
/* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */
device_create( my_class, NULL, MKDEV(hello_major, 0), "hello" "%d", 0 );
printk (KERN_INFO "Registered character driver\n");
return 0;
}
static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)
{
dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
cdev_del (&cdev);
device_destroy(my_class, MKDEV(adc_major, 0)); //delete device node under /dev
class_destroy(my_class); //delete class created by us
unregister_chrdev_region (devno, number_of_devices);
printk (KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up\n");
}
module_init (hello_2_init);
module_exit (hello_2_exit);
这样，模块加载后，就能在/dev目录下找到hello0这个设备节点了。
例子2
drivers/i2c/i2c-dev.c
/*
* module load/unload record keeping
*/
static int __init i2c_dev_init(void)
{
int res;
printk(KERN_INFO "i2c /dev entries driver\n");
res = register_chrdev(I2C_MAJOR, "i2c", &i2cdev_fops);
if (res)
goto out;
i2c_dev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "i2c-dev"); //创建一个名称为i2c-dev的class
if (IS_ERR(i2c_dev_class)) {
res = PTR_ERR(i2c_dev_class);
goto out_unreg_chrdev;
}
res = i2c_add_driver(&i2cdev_driver);
if (res)
goto out_unreg_class;
return 0;
out_unreg_class:
class_destroy(i2c_dev_class);
out_unreg_chrdev:
unregister_chrdev(I2C_MAJOR, "i2c");
out:
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Driver Initialisation failed\n", __FILE__);
return res;
}
在 i2c_dev_init创建类i2c_dev_class
i2c_dev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "i2c-dev");
static int i2cdev_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
struct i2c_dev *i2c_dev;
int res;
i2c_dev = get_free_i2c_dev(adap);
if (IS_ERR(i2c_dev))
return PTR_ERR(i2c_dev);
/* register this i2c device with the driver core */
i2c_dev->dev = device_create(i2c_dev_class, &adap->dev,
MKDEV(I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr), NULL,
"i2c-%d", adap->nr);
if (IS_ERR(i2c_dev->dev)) {
res = PTR_ERR(i2c_dev->dev);
goto error;
}
res = device_create_file(i2c_dev->dev, &dev_attr_name);
if (res)
goto error_destroy;
pr_debug("i2c-dev: adapter [%s] registered as minor %d\n",
adap->name, adap->nr);
return 0;
error_destroy:
device_destroy(i2c_dev_class, MKDEV(I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr));
error:
return_i2c_dev(i2c_dev);
return res;
}
在i2cdev_attach_adapter调用device_create(i2c_dev_class, &adap->dev,
MKDEV(I2C_MAJOR, adap->nr), NULL,
"i2c-%d", adap->nr);
这样在dev目录就产生i2c-0 或i2c-1节点
class_device_create（）；
class_device_destroy（）；
在2.6.27中变为：
device_create（）
device_destroy（）
