编程离不开时间,时间管理,严格的说分成两块,一个是当前的时刻,对应的是一个点,还有是一段时间间隔。本文简单的讲讲go的时间相关的编程,比较简单,高手可以一笑而过。
golang对时间的支持,是package time做的事儿,里面有好多的函数,我就不一一举例学习,毕竟这是官方文档干的事情。我们初步的学习下常用的函数。
第一个是UNIX epoch time,确切的说就是自1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT以来的秒数,不知道如何获取的,可以在shell下执行 date +%s
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manu@manu-hacks:~/code/go/self$ date +%s
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1385131172
熟悉Linux下C编程的就是time函数的返回值:
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#include <time.h>
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time_t now = time(NULL);
golang中一个很重要的表征时间的数据类型是Time,基本就是三个成员变量 sec ,nsec,Location,详细意思可以参看注释。
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type Time struct {
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// sec gives the number of seconds elapsed since
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// January 1, year 1 00:00:00 UTC.
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sec int64
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// nsec specifies a non-negative nanosecond
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// offset within the second named by Seconds.
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// It must be in the range [0, 999999999].
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nsec int32
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// loc specifies the Location that should be used to
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// determine the minute, hour, month, day, and year
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// that correspond to this Time.
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// Only the zero Time has a nil Location.
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// In that case it is interpreted to mean UTC.
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loc *Location
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}
OK,如何取到UNIX epoch time.
用time package中Now()函数获取到当前的时间信息,Now()函数非常的重要,他是后面一切转换的起始点。从Now()我们获取到了Time,从Time类型我们从容的获取到UNIX epoch time ,自然获取到year ,month ,day,weekday, hour,minute,second,nanosecond.
获取UNIX epoch time:
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var epoch_seconds int64 = now.Unix()
获取Year
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func (t Time) Year() int
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cur_year := now.Year()
获取Month
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func (t Time) Month() Month
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cur_month := now.Month()
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if cur_month == time.November {
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...
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}
Month是int类型,fmt.Printf("%v") 或者fmt.Println可以打印出November来,同时Month type有String()函数,输出“November”这样的字符串
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const (
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January Month = 1 + iota
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February
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March
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April
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May
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June
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July
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August
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September
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October
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November
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December
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)
year mon day,这些都可以在Date函数中一并返回:
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func (t Time) Date() (year int, month Month, day int)
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year,mon,day = now.Date()
获取Hour
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func (t Time) Hour() int
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cur_hour := now.Hour()
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Minute可以通过Minute()返回,second可以通过Second()返回。
time还提供了Clock()的同时返回 hour,minute,second = now.Clock().
在C语言中,我们用gmtime_r获取UTC时间,localtime_r获取本地时间,Golang我们也可以做到
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#include<stdio.h>
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#include<stdlib.h>
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#include<time.h>
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int main()
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{
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time_t now = time(NULL);
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printf("elapsed %d second since 1970-01-01 00:00:00\n",now);
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struct tm now_utc_tm ={0};
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if (gmtime_r(&now,&now_utc_tm) != NULL)
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{
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printf("UTC time is %d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
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now_utc_tm.tm_year+1900,now_utc_tm.tm_mon,
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now_utc_tm.tm_mday,now_utc_tm.tm_hour,
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now_utc_tm.tm_min,now_utc_tm.tm_sec,now_utc_tm.tm_zone);
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}
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struct tm now_local_tm = {0} ;
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if(localtime_r(&now,&now_local_tm) != NULL)
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{
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printf("local time is %d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
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now_local_tm.tm_year+1900,now_local_tm.tm_mon,
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now_local_tm.tm_mday,now_local_tm.tm_hour,
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now_local_tm.tm_min, now_local_tm.tm_sec,now_local_tm.tm_zone);
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}
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return 0;
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}
golang的版本是:
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package main
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import "fmt"
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import "time"
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func main(){
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now := time.Now()
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year,mon,day := now.UTC().Date()
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hour,min,sec := now.UTC().Clock()
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zone,_ := now.UTC().Zone()
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fmt.Printf("UTC time is %d-%d-%d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
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year,mon,day,hour,min,sec,zone)
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year,mon,day = now.Date()
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hour,min,sec = now.Clock()
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zone,_ = now.Zone()
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fmt.Printf("local time is %d-%d-%d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
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year,mon,day,hour,min,sec,zone)
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}
输出分别是:
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C版本的输出
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------------------
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UTC time is 2013-10-22 15:49:18 GMT
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local time is 2013-10-22 23:49:18 CST
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go版本的输出
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---------------------
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UTC time is 2013-11-22 15:51:22 UTC
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local time is 2013-11-22 23:51:22 CST
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
我们另一个关心的话题,是时间间隔,比如我们profile一个以非常耗时的function,我们会在函数开始前记下时刻值,函数结束后,再次记录下时刻值,然后两者的差值,就是函数运行时间。
这表明Time是可以相减的,
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start_time := time.Now()
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expensive_function
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end_time :=time.Now()
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var duration Duration = end_time.Sub(start_time)
Duration是一种数据类型,其实是个int64类型,表征的是两个时刻之间的纳秒数。
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type Duration int64
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const (
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Nanosecond Duration = 1
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Microsecond = 1000 * Nanosecond
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Millisecond = 1000 * Microsecond
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Second = 1000 * Millisecond
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Minute = 60 * Second
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Hour = 60 * Minute
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)
Duration类型有Minutes()/Second()/Nanoseconds(), 将duration折算成分钟/秒/纳秒。
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now := time.Now()
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time.Sleep(3*time.Second);
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end_time := time.Now()
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var dur_time time.Duration = end_time.Sub(now)
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var elapsed_min float64 = dur_time.Minutes()
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var elapsed_sec float64 = dur_time.Seconds()
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var elapsed_nano int64 = dur_time.Nanoseconds()
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fmt.Printf("elasped %f minutes or \nelapsed %f seconds or \nelapsed %d nanoseconds\n",
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elapsed_min,elapsed_sec,elapsed_nano)
输出如下:
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elasped 0.050005 minutes or
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elapsed 3.000292 seconds or
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elapsed 3000292435 nanoseconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
第二部分描述Duration明显用到了Sleep()函数,这个函数是以纳秒为单位的,相当于C语言中的nanosleep()
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#include <time.h>
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nanosleep(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 199309L
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int nanosleep(const struct timespec *req, struct timespec *rem);
#include
unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds);
Go中的time.Sleep一律是以纳秒为单位的,当然本质是Duration类型:
如果sleep 3秒中需要写成:
这太不方便了,所以,Golang可以写成
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time.Sleep(3*time.Second);
这样可读性就好多了,当然还有time.Minute,time.Hour
这个time package还有很多其他的内容,我就不一一赘述了。
参考文献:
1 golang package time
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