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2017年(34)

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分类: 服务器与存储

2017-03-10 07:39:50

1、Puppet: 集中式的配置管理工具,通过自有配置语言对节点目标状态定义,并能够基于网络实现目标状态的维护。

master: 中心配置库

agent:  读取并应用配置的节点

定义目标状态的核心组件:资源

puppet 作者Luke Kanies(作者),   Puppet Labs(公司)

Openstack:  云栈

twitter,Citrix

管理目标:

manifest:  清单

用于定义并保存资源,是一个资源组织工具

清单还可以互相调用:
                
import: 导入


puppet的管理视角:

模块: mode1,mode2

节点: node  node1  {

}

类:

层次型组织组件的一种方式
  
类:继承

调用类的方式之一:
               
include

模板配置语言:

ruby:

nginx配置文件模板

work_processes <%= @processcount %>;

facter

配置语言:
       变量(自定义变量、puppet内置变量、facter变量)、条件语句、正则表达式
                  
        版本管理系统:  cvs --> svn --> git

gem,source,epel源

下载:



核心资源:
 notify,package,user,group,file,exec,cron,service

package:

puppet安装方式:

yum,rpm,apt,ports,gem,msi,dpkg,pkg

package的常用参数:

          ensure:程序包的目标状态:
          name:资源的名称,即软件包的名字:
          provider:软件包管理器
          source:指定程序包文件路径
          install_options:安装选项,最常用的是通过INSTALLDIR来指定安装目录
                   
          例如:
          windows下安装mysql
                             
          package {'mysql':
          ensure       => installed,
          provider     => 'msi',
          source        =>'D:\software\mysql-5.5.36.msi',
          install_options   => { 'INSTALLDIR' => 'C:\mysql'  },
           }

          service:
          常用参数:
           ensure:服务的目标状态,true和false;
           enable:是否开机,true和false;
                                      

          file:
              管理文件、目录、符号链接:
              生成文件内容
              管理文件权限、属性
              通过source属性到指定位置下载文件
              通过recurse属性来获取目录
                                
          重用属性:
              ensure:目标状态,present,absent,file,directory
              backup:通过filebucket资源来备份文件:值通常为filebucket资源的名称;
              ctime:
              mtime:
              content:文件内容:生成方式有三种(content,source,target),彼此互斥;
              source:通过指定的url下载文件至本地:获取方式通常为puppet url,
            格式:puppet://modules//MODULE_NAME/file_names;
              target:为符号链接指定目标;
              links:文件为符号链接;{follow|manage}
              path:文件路径,必须使用双引号;
              mode:定义权限;
              owner:属主
              group:属组
                               
              force:强制执行删除文件、链接或目录:仅用于ensure为absent时;
              purge:清空指定目录中存在的,但未在资源中定义的文件;
                                       
              recurse:目录递归,值true,false,inf,remote
              replace:替换:本地存在的文件与资源中指定的文件内容不同时是否执行替换, 默认为否;
                        
              exec:
              执行命令,通常在不得不用时使用,通常用于完成puppet自身无法完成的功能;

              重用属性:
              command:要执行的命令,通常为命令文件的完整路径;
              path:命令搜索路径;
              group:以谁为属组执行
              user:

              onlyif:0,表示仅在命令的状态返回值为0时才执行此命令;
              refresh:接收到其它资源的通知时,如何重新执行此命令;
              refreshonly:仅当被依赖的资源发生改变时才被触发;
              tries:尝试的次数,默认为1;
              try_sleep:多次尝试之间的时间间隔;

puppet资源:
                资源申报的语法
                       type {'title' :
                             attribute    => value,
                       }

                       file {'/tmp/a.txt': ensure => present}
              
                       puppet describe -l
                       puppet describe TYPE

                       package,file,service,exec


元参数:用于定义资源间的依赖关系,及应用次序:通知机制:
      特殊属性:
             require:

                 package {'nginx':
                         ensure  => present,
                          before   => Service['nginx'],
                   }

                   service {'nginx':
                            ensure => true,
                            enable => true,
                            require => Package['nginx'],
                    }
                 before
                

资源申报:8种常用类型
资源的特殊属性:
变量及数据类型
正则表达式
表达式
条件语句

nginx,tomcat,mysql

清单:manifest
          *.pp

           导入:import

           node1.pp
           import          nginx.pp
           import          tomcat.pp
           import          mysql.pp
           node2.pp
           import          nginx.pp
           import          tomcat.pp

                             nginx.pp
                             tomcat.pp
                             mysql.pp

nginx服务:
      nginx.pp
      依赖于外部资源:文件、模板文件(生成适用于目标节点的文件)
                                   
      把实现某种功能组织成一个独立的,自我包含的目录结构:模块

      模块:目录结构,目录名称即为模块名
      /tmp/modules/
         nginx/
            /
         files/           : 文件存储目录
         manifests/  :清单存储目录
         templates/   : 模板存储目录
         lib/             : ruby插件存储目录,用于实现一些自定义的功能


         一个示例:
        /tmp/modules/
           nginx/
              /
          files/            : 文件存储目录
          nginx.conf
          manifests/    : 清单存储目录
          init.pp
          必须包含且只能包含一个与模块同名的类
          nginx.pp
          每个清单文件通常只包含一个类
           ...
          templates/  :  模板存储目录
          *.erb
          puppet类:为了通用目标或目的在一起的一个或多个资源:
                            
          只有被调用才会被执行,调用称作:声明一个类
 
          include CLASS_NAME
                                            
                                                            
                                       
                                              
单机版puppet
                                               
一、安装puppet

1、先安装ruby

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y ruby

2、配置yum源

下载CentOS6.5的puppet源的包

[root@localhost ~]# wget 6.5/products/x86_64/puppetlabs-release-6-5.noarch.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh puppetlabs-release-6-5.noarch.rpm
warning: puppetlabs-release-6-5.noarch.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 4bd6ec30: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:puppetlabs-release     ########################################### [100%]


3、安装puppet

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install puppet

二、使用puppet

1、定义一个资源
[root@localhost ~]# vim test.pp

 notify {'notice':
           message => 'welcome to puppet.',
}

2、执行该资源
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.10 seconds
Notice: welcome to puppet.
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Notify[notice]/message: defined 'message' as 'welcome to puppet.'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds

3、显示的更详细些
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test.pp -v
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.11 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version '1489184122'
Notice: welcome to puppet.
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Notify[notice]/message: defined 'message' as 'welcome to puppet.'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.21 seconds

4、定义安装nginx的资源包
vim nginx.pp
package {'nginx':
        ensure => present,
        name   => nginx,
}

5、应用nginx资源
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply nginx.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 1.08 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Package[nginx]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 67.28 seconds

6、查看nginx
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q nginx
nginx-1.10.2-1.el6.x86_64

7、把nginx加为服务并开机自启
vim nginx.pp
package {'nginx':
        ensure => present,
        name   => nginx,
}

service {'nginx':
          ensure => true,
          name   => nginx,
          enable => true,
}

8、应用服务
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply nginx.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.75 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Service[nginx]/ensure: ensure changed 'stopped' to 'running'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 1.25 seconds

9、查看nginx状态
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --list nginx
nginx              0:关闭    1:关闭    2:启用    3:启用    4:启用    5:启用    6:关闭
[root@localhost ~]# service nginx status
nginx (pid  4050) 正在运行...

10、定义创建文件test2.pp
vim test2.pp
file {'/tmp/hello.txt':
         ensure => present,
         content => 'Hello puppet.',
}

11、应用test2.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test2.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.25 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/File[/tmp/hello.txt]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.15 seconds

12、查看创建的文件
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
hello.txt  yum.log
[root@localhost tmp]# cat hello.txt
Hello puppet.

13、创建个/etc/fstab的软链接文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim test2.pp
file {'/tmp/hello.txt':
         ensure => present,
         content => 'Hello puppet.',
}

file {'fstab.symbolic':
         ensure => present,
         target => "/etc/fstab",
         path   => "/tmp/fstab.symbolic",
         links  => follow,
}

14、应用test2.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test2.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.29 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/File[fstab.symbolic]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds

15、查看效果
[root@localhost tmp]# ll
总用量 4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 3月  11 15:06 fstab.symbolic -> /etc/fstab
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13 3月  11 07:31 hello.txt
-rw-------. 1 root root  0 3月  10 06:50 yum.log

16、使用exec命令创建个test3.pp的资源
vim test3.pp
exec {'echo command':
         command => 'mktemp /tmp/tmp.XXXXXX',
         path    => '/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin',
}

17、执行test3.pp资源
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test3.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.18 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Exec[echo command]/returns: executed successfully
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.11 seconds
                    
18、查看资源执行情况
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
fstab.symbolic  hello.txt  tmp.nGdvnM  yum.log

19、定义一个资源test4.pp,该资源后面执行的命令,依赖于前面定义的文件
file {'/tmp/test4.txt':
          ensure => file,
          content => "hello puppet.",
}

exec {'monitor':
          command => 'echo "/tmp/test4.txt changed." >> /tmp/monitor.txt',
          subscribe => File['/tmp/test4.txt'],
          path     => '/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin'
}

20、执行test4.pp资源

[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test4.pp  -v
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.26 seconds
Info: Applying configuration version '1489219513'
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/File[/tmp/test4.txt]/ensure: defined content as '{md5}3e7be698f4ae92a7fc1fdea0073ae41a'
Info: /Stage[main]/Main/File[/tmp/test4.txt]: Scheduling refresh of Exec[monitor]
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Exec[monitor]/returns: executed successfully
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Exec[monitor]: Triggered 'refresh' from 1 events
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.21 seconds

21、查看资源的执行情况,看到/tmp/tetst4.txt被执行了两次

[root@localhost tmp]# cat monitor.txt
/tmp/test4.txt changed.
/tmp/test4.txt changed.


使用条件语句:
if  语句


22、定义一个条件语句资源用于判断系统的类型test9.pp
 if $operatingsystem =~ /^(?i-mx:(centos|redhat|fedora))/ {
            notice("Welcome to $1 linux.")
}

23、执行  test9.pp,查看到已判断出该机器的系统              
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test9.pp
Notice: Scope(Class[main]): Welcome to CentOS linux.
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.12 seconds
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds

24、使用另一种条件语句来测试系统的类别,编辑一个test10.pp的文件
vim test10.sh
if $operatingsystem == 'CentOS' {
        notify {'centos': message => "Welcome to CentOS linux.",}
}  elsif $operatingsystem == 'RedHat' {
        notify {'redhat': message => "Welcome to RedHat linux.",}
}  elsif $operatingsystem == 'Fedora' {
        notify {'fedora': message => "Welcom to Fedora linux.",}
}  else {
        notify {'unkown': message => "Unknown Operating System.",}
}

25、应用该test10.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test10.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.29 seconds
Notice: Welcome to CentOS linux.
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Notify[centos]/message: defined 'message' as 'Welcome to CentOS linux.'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.04 seconds

select语句:

26、创建一个test11.pp资源
vim test11.pp
$webserver = $operatingsystem ? {
        /^(?i-mx:centos|fedora|redhat)/ => 'httpd',
        /^(?i-mx:ubuntu|debian)/        => 'apache2',

}
$webprovider = $operatingsystem ? {
        /^(?i-mx:centos|fedora|redhat)/ => 'yum',
        /^(?i-mx:ubuntu|debian)/        => 'apt',
}
package {"$webserver":
        ensure  => present,
        provider => $webprovider,

}

27、应用此test11.pp
puppet apply test11.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test11.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.76 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Package[httpd]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 59.90 seconds
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64
httpd-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64

case语句:

28、使用case的语句重新安装httpd

1)、移除httpd
yum remove httpd

2)、编辑test12.pp,定义安装httpd的case语句
vim test12.pp
case $operatingsystem {
        /^(?i-mx:redhat|centos|fedora)/: { package {'httpd': enusre => present,provider => yum, } }
        /^(?i-mx:ubuntu|debian)/: { package {'apache2': ensure => present,provider => apt, } }
        default: {notify  {'notice' : message => "unknown system.",} }
}

3)、应用此test12.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test12.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.53 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Main/Package[httpd]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 10.53 seconds

4)、查看语句应用后的效果,又重新装上了httpd
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q httpd
httpd-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64


类调用

29、使用类的方法,重新安装nginx
1)、停用服务、查看进程和删除nginx
[root@localhost ~]# service nginx stop
停止 nginx:                                               [确定]
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root       3162   1659  0 18:29 pts/0    00:00:00 grep nginx
[root@localhost ~]# yum remove nginx
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q nginx
package nginx is not installed

2)、编辑test13.pp,定义安装nginx的类调用语句
vim test13.pp
class nginx {
        package {'nginx':
                ensure => present,
        }

        service {'nginx':
                ensure => true,
                require => Package['nginx'],
        }

}

include nginx

3)、应用该类test13.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test13.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.70 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Nginx/Package[nginx]/ensure: created
Notice: /Stage[main]/Nginx/Service[nginx]/ensure: ensure changed 'stopped' to 'running'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 16.93 seconds

4)、查看nginx包的安装情况,可以看到nginx已安装并在运行
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef|grep nginx
root       3430      1  0 18:39 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
nginx      3431   3430  0 18:39 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process                   
nginx      3433   3430  0 18:39 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process                   
root       3436   1659  0 18:39 pts/0    00:00:00 grep nginx
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q nginx
nginx-1.10.2-1.el6.x86_64

30、使用另一种类的方法,class关键字的方法重新安装nginx
1)、先删除nginx
[root@localhost ~]# service nginx stop
停止 nginx:                                               [确定]

[root@localhost ~]# yum remove nginx

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q nginx
package nginx is not installed

2)、重新编辑test.pp,nginx使用class关键字声明的方式
vim test13.pp
class nginx {
        package {'nginx':
                ensure => present,
        }

        service {'nginx':
                ensure => true,
                require => Package['nginx'],
        }

}

class {'nginx' :}

3)、应用此test13.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test13.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.81 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Nginx/Package[nginx]/ensure: created
Notice: /Stage[main]/Nginx/Service[nginx]/ensure: ensure changed 'stopped' to 'running'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 20.00 seconds

4)、查看到nginx已经安装并正在运行
[root@localhost ~]# service nginx status
nginx (pid  3842) 正在运行...
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q nginx
nginx-1.10.2-1.el6.x86_64

31、使用带参数类的方法安装httpd
1)、编辑test14.pp,定义带参数的类
$webserver = $operatingsystem ? {
        /^(?i-mx:redhat|centos|fedora)/ => 'httpd',
        /^(?i-mx:ubuntu|debian)/        => 'apache2',

}

class httpd ($pkgname = 'apache2') {
         package {"$pkgname":
                 ensure => present,
         }

         service {"$pkgname":
                 ensure => true,
                 require => Package["$pkgname"],

         }
}

class {'httpd':
        pkgname => $webserver,
}

2)、确保httpd没装并且80端口每被占用
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q httpd
package httpd is not installed

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tunlp|grep 80

3)、应用test14.pp
[root@localhost ~]# puppet apply test14.pp
Notice: Compiled catalog for localhost in environment production in 0.64 seconds
Notice: /Stage[main]/Httpd/Package[httpd]/ensure: created
Notice: /Stage[main]/Httpd/Service[httpd]/ensure: ensure changed 'stopped' to 'running'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 18.17 seconds

4)、查看http安装情况,从下面看httpd已经安装
[root@localhost ~]# service httpd status
httpd (pid  4208) 正在运行...

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q httpd
httpd-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64




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