SQL语言组成部分:
DDL:数据定义语言
DML:数据操作语言
完整性定义语言: DDL的一部分功能
主键、外键、唯一键、条件、非空、事务
视图定义：虚表，存储下来的SELECT语句
事务控制：
嵌入式SQL和动态SQL：
DCL：授权
数据类型的功用：
1、存储的值类型：
2、占据的存储空间：
3、定长，变长：
4、如何被索引及排序：
5、是否能够被索引：
数据字典：系统编目（system catalog）
保存数据库服务器上的元数据
元数据：
关系的名字
每个关系的各字段的名字
各字段的数据类型和长度
约束
每个关系上的视图的名字及视图的定义
授权用户的名字
用户的授权和帐户信息
统计类的数据：
每个关系属性的个数：
每个关系中的行数：
每个关系的存储方法：
保存元数据的数据库：
information_schema
mysql
performance_schema
数据类型
字符型
char
varchar
binary
varbinary
text
blob
数值型
精确数值型
整型
十进制数据: decimal
近似数值型
单精度浮点型
双精度浮点型
日期时间型
日期型
时间型
日期时间型
时间戳
布尔型
内建类型
ENUM，SET
数值型:
TINYINT
SMALLINT
MEDIUMINT
INT
BIGINT
DECIMAL
FLOAT
DOUBAL
字符型：
CHAR
VARCHAR
TINYTEXT
TEXT
MEDIUMTEXT
LONGTEXT
BINARY
VARBINARY
TINYBLOB
BLOB
MEDIUMBLOB
LONGBLOB
日期时间型：
DATE
TIME
DATETIME
TIMESTAMP
YEAR
字符型常用的属性修饰符：
NOT NULL： 非空约束
NULL: 允许为空
DEFAULT 'string'： 默认值，不适用TEXT类型
CHARACTER SET ‘字符集’
示例：查看所有的字符集
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
36 rows in set (0.00 sec)
示例：查看数据库默认的字符集
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%char%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | latin1 |
| character_set_connection | latin1 |
| character_set_database | latin1 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | latin1 |
| character_set_server | latin1 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
示例： 查看排序规则
mysql> SHOW COLLATION;
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
| Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
| big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 |
| dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 |
| hp8_english_ci | hp8 | 6 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| hp8_bin | hp8 | 72 | | Yes | 1 |
| koi8r_general_ci | koi8r | 7 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| koi8r_bin | koi8r | 74 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_german1_ci | latin1 | 5 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_swedish_ci | latin1 | 8 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_danish_ci | latin1 | 15 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_german2_ci | latin1 | 31 | | Yes | 2 |
| latin1_bin | latin1 | 47 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_general_ci | latin1 | 48 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_general_cs | latin1 | 49 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_spanish_ci | latin1 | 94 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_czech_cs | latin2 | 2 | | Yes | 4 |
| latin2_general_ci | latin2 | 9 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_hungarian_ci | latin2 | 21 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_croatian_ci | latin2 | 27 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_bin | latin2 | 77 | | Yes | 1 |
| swe7_swedish_ci | swe7 | 10 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| swe7_bin | swe7 | 82 | | Yes | 1 |
| ascii_general_ci | ascii | 11 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| ascii_bin | ascii | 65 | | Yes | 1 |
| ujis_japanese_ci | ujis | 12 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| ujis_bin | ujis | 91 | | Yes | 1 |
| sjis_japanese_ci | sjis | 13 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| sjis_bin | sjis | 88 | | Yes | 1 |
| hebrew_general_ci | hebrew | 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| hebrew_bin | hebrew | 71 | | Yes | 1 |
| tis620_thai_ci | tis620 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 4 |
| tis620_bin | tis620 | 89 | | Yes | 1 |
| euckr_korean_ci | euckr | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| euckr_bin | euckr | 85 | | Yes | 1 |
| koi8u_general_ci | koi8u | 22 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| koi8u_bin | koi8u | 75 | | Yes | 1 |
| gb2312_chinese_ci | gb2312 | 24 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| gb2312_bin | gb2312 | 86 | | Yes | 1 |
| greek_general_ci | greek | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| greek_bin | greek | 70 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_general_ci | cp1250 | 26 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_czech_cs | cp1250 | 34 | | Yes | 2 |
| cp1250_croatian_ci | cp1250 | 44 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_bin | cp1250 | 66 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_polish_ci | cp1250 | 99 | | Yes | 1 |
| gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin5_turkish_ci | latin5 | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin5_bin | latin5 | 78 | | Yes | 1 |
| armscii8_general_ci | armscii8 | 32 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| armscii8_bin | armscii8 | 64 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf8_general_ci | utf8 | 33 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf8_bin | utf8 | 83 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf8_unicode_ci | utf8 | 192 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_icelandic_ci | utf8 | 193 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_latvian_ci | utf8 | 194 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_romanian_ci | utf8 | 195 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_slovenian_ci | utf8 | 196 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_polish_ci | utf8 | 197 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_estonian_ci | utf8 | 198 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_spanish_ci | utf8 | 199 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_swedish_ci | utf8 | 200 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_turkish_ci | utf8 | 201 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_czech_ci | utf8 | 202 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_danish_ci | utf8 | 203 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8 | 204 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_slovak_ci | utf8 | 205 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_spanish2_ci | utf8 | 206 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_roman_ci | utf8 | 207 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_persian_ci | utf8 | 208 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_esperanto_ci | utf8 | 209 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_hungarian_ci | utf8 | 210 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_general_mysql500_ci | utf8 | 223 | | Yes | 1 |
| ucs2_general_ci | ucs2 | 35 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| ucs2_bin | ucs2 | 90 | | Yes | 1 |
| ucs2_unicode_ci | ucs2 | 128 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_icelandic_ci | ucs2 | 129 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_latvian_ci | ucs2 | 130 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_romanian_ci | ucs2 | 131 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_slovenian_ci | ucs2 | 132 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_polish_ci | ucs2 | 133 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_estonian_ci | ucs2 | 134 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_spanish_ci | ucs2 | 135 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_swedish_ci | ucs2 | 136 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_turkish_ci | ucs2 | 137 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_czech_ci | ucs2 | 138 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_danish_ci | ucs2 | 139 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_lithuanian_ci | ucs2 | 140 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_slovak_ci | ucs2 | 141 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_spanish2_ci | ucs2 | 142 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_roman_ci | ucs2 | 143 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_persian_ci | ucs2 | 144 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_esperanto_ci | ucs2 | 145 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_hungarian_ci | ucs2 | 146 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_general_mysql500_ci | ucs2 | 159 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp866_general_ci | cp866 | 36 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp866_bin | cp866 | 68 | | Yes | 1 |
| keybcs2_general_ci | keybcs2 | 37 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| keybcs2_bin | keybcs2 | 73 | | Yes | 1 |
| macce_general_ci | macce | 38 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| macce_bin | macce | 43 | | Yes | 1 |
| macroman_general_ci | macroman | 39 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| macroman_bin | macroman | 53 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp852_general_ci | cp852 | 40 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp852_bin | cp852 | 81 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_estonian_cs | latin7 | 20 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_general_ci | latin7 | 41 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_general_cs | latin7 | 42 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_bin | latin7 | 79 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_bin | cp1251 | 50 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_general_ci | cp1251 | 51 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_general_cs | cp1251 | 52 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1256_general_ci | cp1256 | 57 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp1256_bin | cp1256 | 67 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1257_lithuanian_ci | cp1257 | 29 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1257_bin | cp1257 | 58 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1257_general_ci | cp1257 | 59 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| binary | binary | 63 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| geostd8_general_ci | geostd8 | 92 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| geostd8_bin | geostd8 | 93 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp932_japanese_ci | cp932 | 95 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp932_bin | cp932 | 96 | | Yes | 1 |
| eucjpms_japanese_ci | eucjpms | 97 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| eucjpms_bin | eucjpms | 98 | | Yes | 1 |
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
129 rows in set (0.01 sec)
BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB集中字符型常用的属性修饰符：
NOT NULL
NULL
DEFAULT: 不适用于BLOB
整形的常用属性修饰符：
AUTO_INCREMENT： 自动增长
前提：非空，且唯一： 支持索引，非负值：
UNSIGNED: 无符号
NULL
NOT NULL
DEFAULT
浮点型常用修饰符：
NOT NULL
NULL
DEFAULT
日期时间型的修饰符：
NOT NULL
NULL
DEFAULT
ENUM和SET的修饰符：
NOT NULL
NULL
DEFAULT
MySQL SQL_MODE：SQL模式
TRADITIONAL，STRICT_TRANS_TABLES，or STRICT_ALL_TABLES
设定服务器变量的值： （ 仅用于支持动态的变量 ）
支持修改的服务器变量：
动态变量： 可以MySQL运行时修改
静态变量：于配置文件中修改其值，并重启后生效：
服务器变量从其生效范围来讲，有两类：
全局变量：服务器级别，修改之后仅对新建立的会话有效：
会话变量：会话级别，仅对当前会话有效：
会话建立时，从全局继承各变量：
查看服务器变量：
mysq> SHOW [{GLOBAL|SESSION}] VARIABLES [LIKE ''];
mysql> SELECT @@{GLOBAL|SESSION},VARIABLE_NAME;
mysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA,GLOBAL_VARIABLES WHERE VARIABLE_NAME='SOME_VARIABLE_NAME';
mysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA,SESSION_VARIABLES WHERE VARIABLE_NAME='SOME_VARIABLE_NAME';
修改变量
前提：默认仅管理员有权限修改全局变量
mysql> SET {GLOBAL|SESSION}
注意： 无论是全局还是会话级别的动态变量修改，在重启mysqld后都会失效，可定义在配置文件中的相应段中[mysqld];
示例： 查看表计数
mysql> CREATE DATABASE mydb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (ID INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,Name CHAR(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> DESC t1;
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| Name | char(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 (Name) VALUES ('tom'),('jerry');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
+----+-------+
| ID | Name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | tom |
| 2 | jerry |
+----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
| 1 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 (Name) VALUES ('jim'),('bill');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
| 3 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
+----+-------+
| ID | Name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | tom |
| 2 | jerry |
| 3 | jim |
| 4 | bill |
+----+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> DELETE FROM t1;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
| 3 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 (Name) VALUES ('shamereedwine');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
+----+---------------+
| ID | Name |
+----+---------------+
| 5 | shamereedwine |
+----+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
| 5 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
示例：清空表中的所有数据
mysql> TRUNCATE t1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
| 5 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(Name) VALUES('hello');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
+----+-------+
| ID | Name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | hello |
+----+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
+------------------+
| LAST_INSERT_ID() |
+------------------+
| 1 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
示例：查看会话变量
mysql> SHOW SESSION VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| sql_mode | |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
示例：设置变量对全局会话有效，对当前会话无效，但重新登录时生效的。
mysql> SET GLOBAL sql_mode='strict_all_tables';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW SESSION VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| sql_mode | |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW global VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode';
+---------------+-------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------------------+
| sql_mode | STRICT_ALL_TABLES |
+---------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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