[手册] OpenSSL 只 x509 命令

X509(1)       OpenSSL         X509(1)

 

 

 

NAME
       x509 - Certificate display and signing utility

 

# 注释 ：x509 是证书显示和签名工具

 

SYNOPSIS
       openssl x509 [-inform DER│PEM│NET] [-outform DER│PEM│NET] [-keyform DER│PEM] [-CAform DER│PEM] [-CAkeyform DER│PEM] [-in filename]

                    [-out filename] [-serial] [-hash] [-subject] [-issuer] [-nameopt option] [-email] [-startdate] [-enddate] [-purpose] [-dates]

                    [-modulus] [-fingerprint] [-alias] [-noout] [-trustout] [-clrtrust] [-clrreject][-addtrust arg] [-addreject arg] [-setalias arg]

                    [-days arg] [-set_serial n] [-signkey filename] [-x509toreq] [-req] [-CA filename] [-CAkey filename] [-CAcreateserial]

                    [-CAserial filename] [-text] [-C] [-md2│-md5│-sha1│-mdc2] [-clrext] [-extfile filename] [-extensions section] [-engine id]

 

DESCRIPTION
       The x509 command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be
       used to display certificate information, convert certificates to vari-
       ous forms, sign certificate requests like a "mini CA" or edit certifi-
       cate trust settings.

 

# 注释 ：x509 是一个多功能的证书工具。它可以用于显示证书的信息，转换证书的格式、对 CSR 进行签名（mini CA）

 

# 或者编辑证书的信任设置

 

       Since there are a large number of options they will split up into var-
       ious sections.

 

# 注释 ：因为有很多的选项，所以分成不同的章节

 

OPTIONS

INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS

 

# 注释 ：下面是输入、输出、和通用的选项

       -inform DER│PEM│NET
    This specifies the input format normally the command will expect
    an X509 certificate but this can change if other options such as
    -req are present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the cer-
    tificate and PEM is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with
    header and footer lines added. The NET option is an obscure
    Netscape server format that is now obsolete.

 

       -outform DER│PEM│NET
    This specifies the output format, the options have the same mean-
    ing as the -inform option.

 

        # 注释 ：-outform 可以用于转换证书格式。DER <-> PEM

 

       -in filename
    This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or
    standard input if this option is not specified.

 

 

       -out filename
    This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output
    by default.

 

 

 

       -md2│-md5│-sha1│-mdc2
    the digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that
    uses a message digest, such as the -fingerprint, -signkey and -CA
    options. If not specified then MD5 is used. If the key being used
    to sign with is a DSA key then this option has no effect: SHA1 is
    always used with DSA keys.

 

       -engine id
    specifying an engine (by it’s unique id string) will cause req to
    attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
    thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the
    default for all available algorithms.

 

 

DISPLAY OPTIONS

 

# 注释 ：下面介绍显示方面的选项

 

       Note: the -alias and -purpose options are also display options but are
       described in the TRUST SETTINGS section.

 

        # 注释 ：注意！-alias 和 -purpose 选项也是用于显示的，但放在 TRUST SETTINGS 中介绍

 

       -text
    prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output
    including the public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject
    names, serial number any extensions present and any trust set-
    tings.

 

        # 注释 ：-text 就是用于以文本格式输出证书的内容

 

       -certopt option
    customise the output format used with -text. The option argument
    can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas.
    The -certopt switch may be also be used more than once to set mul-
    tiple options. See the TEXT OPTIONS section for more information.

 

        # 注释 ：-certopt 自定义 -text 的输出格式。它可以是单一个选项或者多个用逗号隔开的选项。

 

        # -certopt 可以使用多次。

 

 

       -noout
    this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.

 

       -modulus
    this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
    contained in the certificate.

 

       -serial
    outputs the certificate serial number.

 

        # 注释 ：-serial 输出证书的序列号

 

       -hash
    outputs the "hash" of the certificate subject name. This is used
    in OpenSSL to form an index to allow certificates in a directory
    to be looked up by subject name.

 

        # 注释 ：-hash 输出证书的 Subject 字段的值的 hash 值

 

        # 它允许 Openssl 为每个证书生成一个索引，便于查询

 

       -subject
    outputs the subject name.

 

        # 注释 ：-subject 输出证书的 Subject

 

       -issuer
    outputs the issuer name.

 

        # 注释 ：-issuer 用于输出证书的 Issuer

 

       -nameopt option
    option which determines how the subject or issuer names are dis-
    played. The option argument can be a single option or multiple
    options separated by commas.  Alternatively the -nameopt switch
    may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the NAME
    OPTIONS section for more information.

 

        # 注释 ：-nameopt 用于控制 Subject 或者 Issuer 字段如何显示。该选项可以是单独一个选项，或者多个选项（用逗号隔开）

 

        # 该选项可以使用多次

 

       -email
    outputs the email address(es) if any.

 

        # 注释 ：-email 输出 email 地址，如果有的话

 

       -startdate
    prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBe-
    fore date.

 

        # 注释 ：-stardate 打印该证书的启用时间，也就是 notBefore Date

 

       -enddate
    prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the
    notAfter date.

 

        # 注释 ：-enddate 也就是打印证书的 notAfeter Date

 

       -dates
    prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.

 

        # 注释 ：-dates 用于打印证书的启用/失效期

 

       -fingerprint
    prints out the digest of the DER encoded version of the whole cer-
    tificate (see digest options).

 

        # 注释 ：-fingerprint 用于打印整个证书的消息摘要（DER 编码）

 

       -C  this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.

 

        # 注释 ：-C 输出证书的格式，以 C 源代码的格式

 

 

TRUST SETTINGS

 

       Please note these options are currently experimental and may well
       change.

 

# 注释 ：下面这些选项是实验阶段而已

 

       A trusted certificate is an ordinary certificate which has several
       additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
       and prohibited uses of the certificate and an "alias".

 

        # 注释 ：所谓受信任证书（Trusted certificates）也就是一个普通的证书，但多了一些附加的信息，例如

 

        # 允许/禁止的证书用途和一个别名

 

       Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate
       must be "trusted". By default a trusted certificate must be stored
       locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA
       is then usable for any purpose.

 

       # 注释 ：一般情况下，一个证书如果正被校验，则必须证书链至少有一个证书是被本地主机所信任的，

 

       # 而且这个被信任的证书还必须被安装被本地，而且必须是一个根证书 ：任何证书链以该受信任的根证书结尾的证书都被信任

 

       Trust settings currently are only used with a root CA. They allow a
       finer control over the purposes the root CA can be used for. For exam-
       ple a CA may be trusted for SSL client but not SSL server use.

 

        # 注释 ：信任设置目前只对于一个 根 CA （root CA）可用。

 

       See the description of the verify utility for more information on the
       meaning of trust settings.

 

       Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any cer-
       tificate: not just root CAs.

 

        # 注释 ：未来版本的 OpenSSL 将会识别任何证书的信任设置，而不仅仅是 root CA 而已

 

       -trustout
    this causes x509 to output a trusted certificate. An ordinary or
    trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary cer-
    tificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the
    -trustout option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted cer-
    tificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modi-
    fied.

    

        # 注释 ：-trustout 让 x509 输出一个受信任证书。

 

        # 一般情况下，输入一个受信任证书或者普通证书，只会得到一个普通证书，或者丢弃信任设置

 

        # 但如果用了 -trustout 则会生成一个受信任证书。

 

       -setalias arg
    sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate
    to be referred to using a nickname for example "Steve’s Certifi-
    cate".

 

        # 注释：-setalias 用于给证书设置一个别名，允许证书以该别名被引用

 

       -alias
    outputs the certificate alias, if any.

 

        # 注释 ：-alias 用于打印证书的别名，如果有的话

 

       -clrtrust
    clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.

 

        # 注释 ：-clrtrust 用于清除所有证书的信任设置

 

       -clrreject
    clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.

 

        # 注释 ：-clrreject 用于清除一个证书关于使用用途的方面的限制

 

       -addtrust arg
    adds a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here
    but currently only clientAuth (SSL client use), serverAuth (SSL
    server use) and emailProtection (S/MIME email) are used.  Other
    OpenSSL applications may define additional uses.

 

        # 注释 ：-addtrust 用于增加证书的使用用途，可选的有 ：clientAuth（SSL 客户机使用）、

 

        # serverAuth（SSL 服务器使用）、emailProtection（S/MIME ）

 

       -addreject arg
    adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the -addtrust
    option.

 

        # 注释 ：-addreject 用于取消证书的一个使用用途

 

       -purpose
    this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and out-
    puts the results. For a more complete description see the CERTIFI-
    CATE EXTENSIONS section.

 

        # 注释 ：-purpose 用于打印证书的用途

 

 

SIGNING OPTIONS

 

       The x509 utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it can
       thus behave like a "mini CA".

 

        # 注释 ：下面介绍签名方面的选项。x509 子命令可以用于对证书和请求进行签名，也就是扮演一个 mini CA 的角色

 

       -signkey filename
    this option causes the input file to be self signed using the sup-
    plied private key.

 

        # 注释 ：-signkey 指定要用于签名的 private key，实际上也就是生成一个 self-signed 证书

 

    If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the
    subject name (i.e.  makes it self signed) changes the public key
    to the supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The
    start date is set to the current time and the end date is set to a
    value determined by the -days option. Any certificate extensions
    are retained unless the -clrext option is supplied.

 

        # 注释 ：假如输入文件是一个证书，它设置 issuer 的值为 subject 的值，也就是自己给自己签名。

 

        # 改变公钥（由 -signkey 指定的 private key 计算得出），改变起始/结束日期。开始日期为当前时间，结束日期为 -days 选项的值。

 

        # 任何证书扩展都无效，除非指定了 -clrext 选项

 

    If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certifi-
    cate is created using the supplied private key using the subject
    name in the request.

 

        # 注释 ：假如输入是一个 CSR ，则建立一个 self0signed 证书

 

       -clrext
    delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when
    a certificate is being created from another certificate (for exam-
    ple with the -signkey or the -CA options). Normally all extensions
    are retained.

 

        # 注释 ：-clrext 删除一个证书的任何扩展

 

 

       -keyform PEM│DER
    specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in
    the -signkey option.

 

        # 注释 ：-keyfrom 用于指定 -signkey 指定的 key 的格式，有 PEM 和 DER 两种可选

 

       -days arg
    specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The
    default is 30 days.

 

        # 注释 ：-days 设置证书的有效期

 

       -x509toreq
    converts a certificate into a certificate request. The -signkey
    option is used to pass the required private key.

 

        # 注释 ：-x509toreq 把一个证书“反向”转换为一个 CSR 。

 

        # 注意！该选项需要指定 -signkey

 

       -req
    by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a
    certificate request is expected instead.

 

        # 注释 ：默认情况下，x509 子命令是对证书签名，也就是希望输入的是一个未签名的证书。

 

        # -req 则表示输入的是一个 CSR ，目的是生成一个 self-signed 证书

 

       -set_serial n
    specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with
    either the -signkey or -CA options. If used in conjunction with
    the -CA option the serial number file (as specified by the -CAse-
    rial or -CAcreateserial options) is not used.

 

        # 注释 ：-set_serial 设置证书的序列号

 

    The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by 0x). Nega-
    tive serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not
    recommended.

 

       -CA filename
    specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this
    option is present x509 behaves like a "mini CA". The input file is
    signed by this CA using this option: that is its issuer name is
    set to the subject name of the CA and it is digitally signed using
    the CAs private key.

 

        # 注释 ：-CA 指定用于签名的 CA 的证书。当该选项被指定时，x509 子命令就扮演一个 mini CA 的角色。

 

        # 输入文件被该 CA 签名，issuer 的值等于该 CA 证书的 subject 的 name ，并且由该 CA 的 private key 进行签名

 

        # 补充 ：self-signed 证书不等于 mini CA 签名的证书，前者可以认为是自己给自己认证，而后者的 CA 虽然是自己建立的，

 

        # 但却是有一个 “机构”对它进行认证。而且该机构还可以认证多个证书，而前者只能认证自己而已。

 

    This option is normally combined with the -req option. Without the
    -req option the input is a certificate which must be self signed.

 

        # 注释 ：这个选项一般和 -req 一起使用，如果没有 -req ，则输入的文件必须是一个 self-signed 证书

 

       -CAkey filename
    sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option
    is not specified then it is assumed that the CA private key is
    present in the CA certificate file.

 

        # 注释 ：-CAkey 指定 CA 的 private key ，用于签名证书。如果该选项没有指定，则假设 CA 的 private key

 

        # 存在于 CA 的证书文件（-CA）

 

       -CAserial filename
    sets the CA serial number file to use.

 

        # 注释 ：-CASerial 设置要使用的 CA 序列号文件

 

    When the -CA option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial
    number specified in a file. This file consist of one line contain-
    ing an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use.
    After each use the serial number is incremented and written out to
    the file again.

 

        # 注释 ：当 -CA 选项被用于对一个证书进行签名时，它会从该选项指定的文件中读取

 

        # 序列号，并在成功签名后将值加1再写回去

 

        # 该文件只有1行，是一个16进制的偶数

 

    The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name
    with ".srl" appended. For example if the CA certificate file is
    called "mycacert.pem" it expects to find a serial number file
    called "mycacert.srl".

 

        # 注释 ：默认的序列号文件是 CA 证书文件的文件名去掉 .pem ，换成 .srl

 

       -CAcreateserial
    with this option the CA serial number file is created if it does
    not exist: it will contain the serial number "02" and the certifi-
    cate being signed will have the 1 as its serial number. Normally
    if the -CA option is specified and the serial number file does not
    exist it is an error.

 

        # 注释 ：-CAcreateserial 表示如果不存在序列号文件，则创建一个。

 

        # 它会从 02 这个值开始，并且证书的序列号将从 1 开始。一般情况下，如果指定了 -CA ，

 

        # 但由不存在序列号文件，则会报错

 

       -extfile filename
    file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified
    then no extensions are added to the certificate.

 

        # 注释 ：-extfile 指定一个含有证书扩展信息的文件。如果没有指定该选项，则不会增加任何扩展

 

       -extensions section
    the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is
    not specified then the extensions should either be contained in
    the unnamed (default) section or the default section should con-
    tain a variable called "extensions" which contains the section to
    use.

 

NAME OPTIONS

 

       The nameopt command line switch determines how the subject and issuer
       names are displayed. If no nameopt switch is present the default "one-
       line" format is used which is compatible with previous versions of
       OpenSSL.  Each option is described in detail below, all options can be
       preceded by a - to turn the option off. Only the first four will nor-
       mally be used.

 

        # 注释 ：name options 主要是对上面的显示选项进行补充的。它控制了如何显示 Subject

 

        # 和 Issuer 字段的值，如果没有指定 Name options ，则默认使用”一行输出“的格式。

 

        # 下面的每个选项都可以用 - 作为前缀来去掉该选项。一般我们只用下面前4个格式而已

 

       compat
    use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no name
    options at all.

 

        # 注释 ：compat 使用旧的格式。也就是“一行输出”的格式

 

       RFC2253
    displays names compatible with RFC2253 equivalent to esc_2253,
    esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8, dump_nostr, dump_unknown, dump_der,
    sep_comma_plus, dn_rev and sname.

 

        # 注释 ：RFC2253 显示兼容 RFC2253 的名称，等于 esc_2253 esc_ctrl esc_msb utf8 dump_nostr dump_unknown dump_der sep_comma_plus dn_rev sname

 

        # 这些选项在下面解释

 

       oneline
    a oneline format which is more readable than RFC2253. It is equiv-
    alent to specifying the  esc_2253, esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8,
    dump_nostr, dump_der, use_quote, sep_comma_plus_spc, spc_eq and
    sname options.

 

        # 注释 ：online 只导尿管一个单行格式，但比 RFC 2253 更容易阅读。

 

        # 它等于指定  esc_2253 esc_ctrl esc_msb utf8 dump_nostr dump_der use_quote sep_comma_plus_spc spc_eq sname 选项

 

       multiline
    a multiline format. It is equivalent esc_ctrl, esc_msb, sep_multi-
    line, spc_eq, lname and align.

 

        # 注释 ：multiline 很明显是一个多行格式。等于 esc_ctrl esc_msb sep_multiline 、spc_eq 、lname 、align

 

       esc_2253
    escape the "special" characters required by RFC2253 in a field
    That is ,+"<>;. Additionally # is escaped at the beginning of a
    string and a space character at the beginning or end of a string.

 

        # 注释 ：esc_2253 把特殊的字符的进行转义。特殊字符包括 ","  "+"  '"' "<" ">"

 

        # 出现在字符串开始的注释号（#）也会被转义，字符串开始/结尾的空格也会被转义

 

       esc_ctrl
    escape control characters. That is those with ASCII values less
    than 0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are
    escaped using the RFC2253 \XX notation (where XX are two hex dig-
    its representing the character value).

 

        # 注释 ：esc_ctrl 用于对 控制字符进行转义。也就是 ASCII 值小于 20 以及 delete 字符（0x7f）

 

        # 它们被用 \XX 的格式进行转义

 

       esc_msb
    escape characters with the MSB set, that is with ASCII values
    larger than 127.

 

       use_quote
    escapes some characters by surrounding the whole string with "
    characters, without the option all escaping is done with the \
    character.

 

       utf8
    convert all strings to UTF8 format first. This is required by
    RFC2253. If you are lucky enough to have a UTF8 compatible termi-
    nal then the use of this option (and not setting esc_msb) may
    result in the correct display of multibyte (international) charac-
    ters. Is this option is not present then multibyte characters
    larger than 0xff will be represented using the format \UXXXX for
    16 bits and \WXXXXXXXX for 32 bits. Also if this option is off
    any UTF8Strings will be converted to their character form first.

 

       no_type
    this option does not attempt to interpret multibyte characters in
    any way. That is their content octets are merely dumped as though
    one octet represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic
    purposes but will result in rather odd looking output.

 

       show_type
    show the type of the ASN1 character string. The type precedes the
    field contents. For example "BMPSTRING: Hello World".

 

       dump_der
    when this option is set any fields that need to be hexdumped will
    be dumped using the DER encoding of the field. Otherwise just the
    content octets will be displayed. Both options use the RFC2253
    #XXXX... format.

 

       dump_nostr
    dump non character string types (for example OCTET STRING) if this
    option is not set then non character string types will be dis-
    played as though each content octet represents a single character.

 

       dump_all
    dump all fields. This option when used with dump_der allows the
    DER encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined.

 

       dump_unknown
    dump any field whose OID is not recognised by OpenSSL.

 

      sep_comma_plus, sep_comma_plus_space, sep_semi_plus_space, sep_multiline
    these options determine the field separators. The first character
    is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple
    AVAs are very rare and their use is discouraged). The options end-
    ing in "space" additionally place a space after the separator to
    make it more readable. The sep_multiline uses a linefeed character
    for the RDN separator and a spaced + for the AVA separator. It
    also indents the fields by four characters.

 

       dn_rev
    reverse the fields of the DN. This is required by RFC2253. As a
    side effect this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs but this
    is permissible.

 

       nofname, sname, lname, oid
    these options alter how the field name is displayed. nofname does
    not display the field at all. sname uses the "short name" form (CN
    for commonName for example). lname uses the long form.  oid repre-
    sents the OID in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic pur-
    pose.

 

       align
    align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with
    sep_multiline.

 

       spc_eq
    places spaces round the = character which follows the field name.

 

 

TEXT OPTIONS

 

       As well as customising the name output format, it is also possible to
       customise the actual fields printed using the certopt options when the
       text option is present. The default behaviour is to print all fields.

 

       compatible
    use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no output
    options at all.

 

       no_header
    don’t print header information: that is the lines saying "Certifi-
    cate" and "Data".

 

       no_version
    don’t print out the version number.

 

       no_serial
    don’t print out the serial number.

 

       no_signame
    don’t print out the signature algorithm used.

 

       no_validity
    don’t print the validity, that is the notBefore and notAfter
    fields.

 

       no_subject
    don’t print out the subject name.

 

       no_issuer
    don’t print out the issuer name.

 

       no_pubkey
    don’t print out the public key.

 

       no_sigdump
    don’t give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature.

 

       no_aux
    don’t print out certificate trust information.

 

       no_extensions
    don’t print out any X509V3 extensions.

 

       ext_default
    retain default extension behaviour: attempt to print out unsup-
    ported certificate extensions.

 

       ext_error
    print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions.

 

       ext_parse
    ASN1 parse unsupported extensions.

 

       ext_dump
    hex dump unsupported extensions.

 

       ca_default
    the value used by the ca utility, equivalent to no_issuer, no_pub-
    key, no_header, no_version, no_sigdump and no_signame.

 

EXAMPLES
       Note: in these examples the ’\’ means the example should be all on one
       line.

 

       Display the contents of a certificate:

 

# 注释 :下面的命令用于显示一个证书的内容，注意，输入的是一个证书，而不是 CSR

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text

 

       Display the certificate serial number:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令用于只输出证书的序列号

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial

 

       Display the certificate subject name:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令只显示证书的 subject name

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject

 

       Display the certificate subject name in RFC2253 form:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令只显示证书的 subject name ，但格式是 RC2253

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt RFC2253

 

       Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal supporting UTF8:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令用于以  UTF8 格式显示一个证书的 subject name

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt oneline,-escmsb

 

       Display the certificate MD5 fingerprint:

 

# 注释 ：下面用于显示一个证书的指纹

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint

 

       Display the certificate SHA1 fingerprint:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令用于显示一个证书的指纹（使用 SHA1 算法生成消息摘要）

 

         openssl x509 -sha1 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint

 

       Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令用于转换一个证书的格式（从 PEM 到 DER 格式）

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER

 

       Convert a certificate to a certificate request:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令用于转换一个证书为一个 CSR

 

         openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem -signkey key.pem

 

       Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using extensions for a CA:

 

 

 

         openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca -signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem

 

       Sign a certificate request using the CA certificate above and add user certificate extensions:

 

# 注释 ：下面的命令用一个 CA 证书对 CSR 进行签名并增加用户证书扩展

 

         openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_usr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial

 

       Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and change set its alias to "Steve’s Class 1 CA"

 

 

         openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust clientAuth -setalias "Steve’s Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem

 

NOTES
       The PEM format uses the header and footer lines:

 

 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----

 

       it will also handle files containing:

 

 -----BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE-----
 -----END X509 CERTIFICATE-----

 

       Trusted certificates have the lines

 

 -----BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE-----
 -----END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE-----

 

       The conversion to UTF8 format used with the name options assumes that
       T61Strings use the ISO8859-1 character set. This is wrong but Netscape
       and MSIE do this as do many certificates. So although this is incor-
       rect it is more likely to display the majority of certificates cor-
       rectly.

 

       The -fingerprint option takes the digest of the DER encoded certifi-
       cate.  This is commonly called a "fingerprint". Because of the nature
       of message digests the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that
       certificate and two certificates with the same fingerprint can be con-
       sidered to be the same.

 

       The Netscape fingerprint uses MD5 whereas MSIE uses SHA1.

 

       The -email option searches the subject name and the subject alterna-
       tive name extension. Only unique email addresses will be printed out:
       it will not print the same address more than once.

 

CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS
       The -purpose option checks the certificate extensions and determines
       what the certificate can be used for. The actual checks done are
       rather complex and include various hacks and workarounds to handle
       broken certificates and software.

 

       The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains
       so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code.

 

       The basicConstraints extension CA flag is used to determine whether
       the certificate can be used as a CA. If the CA flag is true then it is
       a CA, if the CA flag is false then it is not a CA. All CAs should have
       the CA flag set to true.

 

       If the basicConstraints extension is absent then the certificate is
       considered to be a "possible CA" other extensions are checked accord-
       ing to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this
       case because the certificate should really not be regarded as a CA:
       however it is allowed to be a CA to work around some broken software.

 

       If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions)
       and it is self signed it is also assumed to be a CA but a warning is
       again given: this is to work around the problem of Verisign roots
       which are V1 self signed certificates.

 

       If the keyUsage extension is present then additional restraints are
       made on the uses of the certificate. A CA certificate must have the
       keyCertSign bit set if the keyUsage extension is present.

 

       The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the
       certificate uses. If this extension is present (whether critical or
       not) the key can only be used for the purposes specified.

 

       A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about
       basicConstraints and keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to all
       CA certificates.

 

       SSL Client
    The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
    "web client authentication" OID.  keyUsage must be absent or it
    must have the digitalSignature bit set. Netscape certificate type
    must be absent or it must have the SSL client bit set.

 

       SSL Client CA
    The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
    "web client authentication" OID. Netscape certificate type must be
    absent or it must have the SSL CA bit set: this is used as a work
    around if the basicConstraints extension is absent.

 

       SSL Server
    The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
    "web server authentication" and/or one of the SGC OIDs.  keyUsage
    must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature, the keyEnci-
    pherment set or both bits set.  Netscape certificate type must be
    absent or have the SSL server bit set.

 

       SSL Server CA
    The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
    "web server authentication" and/or one of the SGC OIDs.  Netscape
    certificate type must be absent or the SSL CA bit must be set:
    this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is
    absent.

 

       Netscape SSL Server
    For Netscape SSL clients to connect to an SSL server it must have
    the keyEncipherment bit set if the keyUsage extension is present.
    This isn’t always valid because some cipher suites use the key for
    digital signing.  Otherwise it is the same as a normal SSL server.

 

       Common S/MIME Client Tests
    The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
    "email protection" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent
    or should have the S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in
    netscape certificate type then the SSL client bit is tolerated as
    an alternative but a warning is shown: this is because some
    Verisign certificates don’t set the S/MIME bit.

 

       S/MIME Signing
    In addition to the common S/MIME client tests the digitalSignature
    bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present.

 

       S/MIME Encryption
    In addition to the common S/MIME tests the keyEncipherment bit
    must be set if the keyUsage extension is present.

 

       S/MIME CA
    The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
    "email protection" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent
    or must have the S/MIME CA bit set: this is used as a work around
    if the basicConstraints extension is absent.

 

       CRL Signing
    The keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the CRL
    signing bit set.

 

       CRL Signing CA
    The normal CA tests apply. Except in this case the basic-
    Constraints extension must be present.

 

BUGS
       Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests
       and vice versa.

 

       It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specify-
       ing the wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases:
       these should be checked.

 

       There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end
       dates rather than an offset from the current time.

 

       The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the TRUST SET-
       TINGS is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended
       behaviour rather than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will
       represent reality in OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later.

 

SEE ALSO
       req(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1), verify(1)

 

 

 

0.9.7a      2003-01-30         X509(1)